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APPENDIX 



ELEMENTS OF GERMAN 



A BEIEF GERMAN GRAMMAR 



HENRIETTA K. BECKER, Ph.D. 

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 



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APPENDIX 

The following statement of the essential facts of German Gram- 
mar falls under the heads (a) of Inflections, (b) of Syntax. Rare 
usages, poetic forms, and complicated constructions have not been 
treated, as this Appendix purports to be, not a complete reference 
grammar, but a concise statement of those facts which are basic in 
their nature and which should be committed to memory by every 
student of German. 

Inflections which resemble each other, as definite article and 
demonstrative pronoun, indefinite article and possessive pronoun, etc., 
are placed side by side. Wherever actual usage differs from tradi- 
tional forms (as found in most grammars) the former is given prefer- 
ence This is especially noticeable in the inflections of the subjunctive. 



PRONUNCIATION 

TOWELS 

Quantity 

| Vowels are long and short. Care must be taken to distinguish 
quantity. Long vowels are drawn out to greater length than in Eng- 
lish, short vowels are more decidedly clipped. 

A few rules can be given for the quantity of vowels, but in most 
cases the student must rely upon the authority of the teacher or the 
dictionary, and must endeavor to train his ear to the correct sound. 

(a) Vowels are alicays long 

[1] when doubled— §ctctr, 9fteer; 

[2] when followed by silent | — Qafyr, meljr; 

[3] i when followed by silent e — rjier, lieb. 



2 APPENDIX 

(6) Vowels are always short when followed by a double conso- 
nant — follen, fyacfen. 

(c) Stressed vowels are generally long in an open syllable, i. e., " 
one that does not end in a consonant (remember that a 
single consonant always goes with the following vowel in syl- 
lable division) — ba, fya^en, le^gen. 

(d) Stressed vowels are generally short in a closed syllable — ba%, 
Sperling, tteg (before r and m, tt in the pronouns, the vowel is 
long though the syllable is closed, ber, e?, bent, ben)- 

(e) Unstressed vowels are generally short — bin, mit, So 'nig, 2(bler. 
(/) Diphthongs are long. 

Quality 

2 Vowels are termed front or back-voicels, according as they are 
articulated in the front part of the mouth (the hard palate), with 
the tongue pushed forward, or in the back part of the mouth (the 
soft palate), with the tongue drawn back. A fundamental difference 
between German and English lies in the fact that German abounds in 
back vowels, and that such front vowels as exist are pronounced very 
decidedly in the front of the mouth, with the tongue pushed far for- 
ward, whereas in English, the tongue is more flaccid and the vowel 
much more neutral. The effect upon German vowels is to make them 
much fuller, clearer, and more sonorous than the corresponding Eng- 
lish sounds. 

3 It is impossible to present through the eye an adequate idea of 
the sounds that make up a foreign tongue. An approximation is here 
attempted, but it must be used with great caution. 

Long* Vowels 

4 Long Vowels resemble the sounds that we give to Latin long 
vowels according to the so-called " Roman pronunciation. " Remem- 
ber always to articulate the vowels clearly, keeping the tongue more 
tense and the lips more active than in English. 

a resembles a in art 
e resembles e in eight 
i resembles i in pique 
o resembles o in slow 
it resembles oo in swoon 



APPENDIX 3 

Short Towels 

5 The short vowels resemble the long ones in quality but are clipped 

very short. . . 

a resembles a m artificial 

e resembles e in yellow 

t resembles i in tin 

has no equivalent in English. Very much 

like German long o shortened. Not at all like English 6. 

u resembles u in -put. 

Diphthong 

6 Diphthong is the combining of two vowels to form one sound. 
There are three of these in German : 

at and ei resemble i in bind 
ait resembles ow in how 

eu (ait) resembles oy in hoy (with greater stress 
on second part of diphthong). 
All diphthongs are long. 

Umlaut 

7 Umlaut is the fronting of a vowel produced by anticipation of 
the front vowel i in the following syllable. The mind visualizes the 
whole of a long word before a single syllable of it is uttered. If a 
later syllable contains something remarkable, the fact is apt to so 
attract the attention, that the tongue involuntarily seeks to form the 
required sound before the right time. This may lead to a decided 
modification of sounds by anticipation. 

A front vowel immediately followed by a back vowel naturally 
attracts the attention. The vowel nearest the front of the mouth is i 
If, therefore, an i is anticipated in a word, all preceding vowels are 
drawn forward to meet it. For this reason 

a becomes a 

o becomes 5 

u becomes it 

ait becomes ait 

8 Observe that these vowels remain modified after the i sound that 
caused the change has disappeared, hence the prevalence in modern 
German of umlaut without visible cause. These sounds have no 
exact counterpart in English (except iht which, like CU, is pronounced 
like oy in English). Hence they must be learned by continuous 
practice. A few helpful suggestions may, however, be given. 

d — very much like German e (as in they) 

5 — round the lips as though to whistle and articulate German e 

it — round the lips as though to whistle and articulate German i 



4 APPENDIX 

CONSONANTS 

9 With a few exceptions, German consonants are pronounced as in 
English, only with more vigor. The lips are used more forcibly, the 
glottis is closed more energetically. Especially is this true of finals 
which are rendered with a complete stopping of the breath so as 
to produce a total break between words — the very opposite of French 
liaison. For this reason all the mediate, b, b, are pronounced like 
t, p, when they p.re found at the end of a word. 

Utti is pronounced like mtt, 06 like 0|), etc. 

i O SPECIAL DEVIATIONS FROM ENGLISH 

(a) d) — This has two different sounds according to the kind of 
vowel that precedes it. 

1. After the back vowels a, 0, It, an, it is guttural (far 
backl 



2. After the front vowels e, t, ii, ii, it, till, it, Ct, and after 
all consonants, it is palatal (farther front). 

A practical hint for pronouncing this difficult sound is as follows: 
Sound the preceding vowel very distinctly, then suddenly cease vocal- 
izing and continue breathing. The right sound will always follow. 
(Caution — Do not pronounce rf like f&. The former is simply ff. pro- 
nounced as in English bacfe, but more forcibly.) 

(b) g — At the beginning hard as in go. Medially and finally it 

approaches the d) sounds, with the same variations noted 
in 9 (a). 

(c) j resembles y in ?/oung. 

(d) U resembles f. 

(e) U) resembles English v (but more loosely articulated). 
(/) \i) resembles sh in should. 

(g) j — At the beginning like English z, medially and finally like 
escaping steam (so also §). In combination with t, p, it 
approaches |dj (but not quits so forcibly). 

(h) $ = ts (this must be carefully observed, as the English z sound 
is used for initial \ \i\ German;. 

(i) ng is nasalized as ng in si« jer. never like ng in hunger, except 
in a few proper names. , , 

(j) tiott (from Latin) pronounced as though iwtl, i.e.. tsion. 



APPENDIX 



DECLENSION 

™ i»o» j £ ;»£■£,, 

j | I, Definite— (a) Every case has a characteristic ending. 

(b) Like the def. art. are declined the demonstra- 
tive, relative, interrogative and indefinite 
pronouns and strong adjectives. 

(c) The def. art. and these pronouns are followed 
by the weak declension of the adjective. 

Demonstrative Pronoun 

Singular Plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. 
btefer biefe btefcS biefc 
bicfeS btefer biefeg btefer 
biefem btefer btefem btefen 
btefen biefe biefe* biefe 

12 II« Indefinite — (a) Three forms (nom. masc. } and nom. and 

ace. neut.) are uninflected. 

(b) Like the indef. art. are declined the pos- 
sessive pronouns and feitt. 

(c) The indef. art. and the poss. pron. are 
followed by mixed adjectives. 





Definite Article 




Singular 


Plural 




m, f. n. 


m. f. n. 


Nom. 


ber bie ba$ 


bu 


Gen. 


be§ ber be* 


ber 


DAT. 


bem ber bem 


ben 


Acc. 


ben bie Da» 


bie 





Indefi 


nite Article 




Possessive Pro 


zoun 




Singular 




Singular 


Plural 




m. 


t n. 


m. 


f. n. 


m. f. n. 


N. 


ein 


eine ein 


mein 


meine mein 


meine 


G. 


eine§ 


einer eine? 


metne* 


meiner metneS 


meiner 


D. 


eitiem 


etner etnem 


me in em 


meiner meinem 


tneineu 


A. 


etnett 


eine ein 


meinett 


meine mein 


meine 



6 APPENDIX 

NOUNS 

GENDER 

13 As a rule the gender follows the natural sex. Ex., ber Sftann, 
trie great, ba3 Sinb. 

Exceptions: — (a) All nouns in djeu and tcttt are neuter, regard- 
less of their meaning: bct§ Sttabcfyen, ba£ graulem, ba% Wamfyen 
(the little man). 

(b) Occasionally one word forms an exception, as bct§ 2£eib (the 
woman). 

i 4 Endings determine gender: 

(a) Masc. : er, ling, Mj, ig — ber SBacfer (baker), ber grilling (spring), 

ber SBitterid) (tyrant), ber Saftg (cage). 

(6) Fem. : ie, ei, l)eit, feit, fdjaft, mtg, e,* in, it ion — bie $artie 
(company), bie Wddexei (bakery), bie greifyeit (freedom), 
bie S)an!barlett (gratitude), bie gfreunbfcfjaft (friendship), 
bie SBoIjmmg (dwelling), bie SBlunte (flower), bie ®i3d)in 
(woman cook), bie Stjrtf (lyric poetry), bie Seltion 
(lesson). 

1 5 But few additional rules can be given. Most nouns must be 
studied with the proper article without regard to rule. 

(a) Masc: 1. Names of seasons, months, days of week, ber grill)* 

ling, ber ^anuar, ber 5Donner[tag. 

2. Monosyllabic nouns derived from the stems of strong 

verbs, ber ©cmg (from gel)en=walk). 

(b) Fem. : Names of trees, flowers, most German rivers, bie (£tcf)e 

(oak), bie 8tofe, bie SBefer; but ber 9Ujehl. 

(c) Neut. : Substantive infinitives, and collectives formed with 

prefix ge: ba$ ©efyett (seeing), ba§> ©ebirge (the mountain 
system). Almost every word ending in tti§ and fal: 
baZ ©eljeumtiS (secret), baZ ©djicffal (fate). 

i 6 A few nouns have two genders with difference of meaning 
bet SBartb (volume) ber 33unb (league) 

ba§ Sattb (ribbon) btt§ 23imb (bundle) 

ber ©ee (lake) ber Xeil (part) 

bie See (sea) btt§ Seil (share) 

* For masculines in t cf. 23 c. 



APPENDIX 



DECLENSION OF NOUNS 

GENERAL 

| 7 (a) All feminines are uninfected in the singular. 
(b) All nouns add n in the dat. pi. 

I 8 NUMBER OF DECLENSIONS 

SlXG. PL. 

I. Strong Gen. (e)g 

II. Weak G. D. A. (e)tt 

III. Mixed Gen. (e)6 



I — , e, er 

All cases ■< (e)n 

((e)« 



19 



I. Strong" Declension 



20 



Endings: Gen. Sing. 
Plurals 



( 1 

Classes ■} 2. 
(3. 



(e)g 
— e, er 

Plural, no ending (umlaut rare) 

e ( more frequent) 

er ( " always) 

f las* 1 \ Gen - sin s- ^ 
uass 1 Plurals _ 



Membership: (a) Polysyllabic Masculines and Neuters ending in 
el, en, er. 

(b) Polysyllabic Neuters ending in djett, (etu, and e. 

(c) Two Feminines, bie Gutter and bie Xod)ter. 



(a) 



Examples 



(&) 





Sing. 


PL. 


Sing. 


PL. 


Nom. 


ber ©arten 


bie ©tirten* 


ba$ gtdulein 


t)ie grdulein 


Gen. 


be3 ©arteng 


ber ©arten 


be§ gftauiemg 


ber grauleiit 


Dat. 


bent (Garten 


ben ©tirten 


bem gfraulein 


ben grdulein 


Ace. 


ben (Garten 


bie ©drten 
Sing. 


bas grduletn 

(c) 

PL. 


bie grdulein 




Nom. 


bie Gutter 


bie flitter 






Gen. 


ber Gutter 


ber Wixtiev 






Dat. 


ber Gutter 


ben SQMttern 






Ace. 


bie Gutter 


bie SKutter 





* A number of nouns in this class take the umlaut in the plural. No rule 
can be given. Observe each noun carefully. 



8 APPENDIX 

O I Class 2 \ Gen * Sin S* eg 

^ ■ Llass J | Plurals e 

Membership: (a) Monosyllabic Masculines. 

(b) A few monosyllabic feminines and neuters, as bie 
§anb, bie SESanb, bie SKauS, bie ©tabt, bag ^a^r, bag 
$aar, bag $ferb. 

(c) A few polysyllabic masculines in ig, tttg and UnQ 
and neuters in ni§ and fal, ber Qiingling, ber gonig, 
bag ©ef)eimnig, bag ©djicffal. 

Examples 

(a) (b) 

Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. 

Nom. ber ©oljn bie (Solute bie 28anb bie SSdnbet 

Gen. beg ©ofyneS ber ©dfyne ber 28anb ber 28dnbe 

Dat. bem ©ofin(e)* ben ©o|neti ber 2Banb ben 28dnben 

Ace. ben ©otyn bie ©ofyne bie 2Banb bie SBanbc 

* Monosyllables may take an t in the dat. sing. The omission of this t is a 
matter of euphony. 

t All feminines and many masculines of this class take the umlaut to form 
the plural. 

(&) (c) 

Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. 

N. bag 3fafet bie Safjre ber ^tingling bie $unglmge 

G. beg 3 a *)*e§ ber §af)re beg $ihtgling£ ber ^iinglinge 

D. bem Sai)r(e) ben Qa^reti bem ^tingling ben ^iinglingetl 

A. bag $afyr bie Qatyre ben bungling bie Qiinglinge 

*" Ua8S d | Plurals et 

Membership: (a) Monosyllabic Neuters. 

(b) A few monosyllabic masculines as ber 90£amt, ber 
2Batb, ber ©etft, ber SBnrm. 

(c) Nouns in tttltt (mostly neuter, sometimes masculine). 

Examples 





(a) (b) 
Sing. Sing. 


(c) 
Sing. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


bag §ang ber Wlam 
beg JpaufeB beg Sftanneg 
bem §anfe bem Sftanne 
bag §ang ben Wann 


bag TOertum 
beg autertum* 
bem SHtettum 
bag 9Utertum 




Pl. Pl. 


Pl. 


Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 


bie Mufer* bie SJianner 
ber ipdnfer ber banner 
ben §dnfettt ben Wlanntxn 
bie §dufer bie banner 


bie 5(ltertnmer 
ber Slltertumer 
ben autertiiment 
bie $ntertiimer 


•Plurals ( 


always have the umlaut if the stem vowel 


permits. This class eoa- 



taias no feminine* 



APPENDIX 9 

23 II. Weak Declension 

Singular (e)tt (except in nom.) 
Plural (e)tt 
Membership: (a) Polysyllabic Feminines (except SUhttter, Xodjter). 

(b) Some monosyllabic feminines — bie UJjr, bie grau, 
bie 2lrt, bie SBal^n, bie SBurg, bie $picf)t, bie Saat. 

(c) Masculines in e, ber Enabe, ber Qunge, ber ©atte, ber 
9fabe, ber Safe, ber Sotne, ber §eibe* 

(d) A limited number of masculines that have lost this 
e, ber ^Fcenfcf), ber §elb, ber §irt, ber fyiirft, ber @raf, 
ber §err, ber Vlaxv, ber €tf)£, ber S8ar, ber Xfyor. 

(e) Masculines of foreign origin with the accent on the 





last syllable, as ber 


Stubent, ber gle 


:fant, ber £anterab, 




ber 9Jhtftfant. 










Exampl 


les 






(a) 


(M 


(c) 


(d) 






Singular 




Nom. 


bie geber 


bie gran 


ber £nabe 


ber 9Kenfd) 


Gen. 


ber geber 


ber gran 


bes Snabeu 


bes 9Jcenfd)ett 


DAT. 


ber geber 


ber gran 


bent Snabett 


bem -DJtafdjett 


ACQ. 


bie geber 


bie gran 


ben ftnaben 


ben 2ftenfdjett 






Plural 




Nom. 


bie gfebern 


bie granett* 


bie Snaben 


bie Wlen\d)ttl 


Gen. 


ber gebern 


ber granctt 


ber Snabcn 


ber Sftenfdjett 


DAT. 


ben gebern 


ben granen 


ben ftnabett 


ben Wle\\)d]tn 


ACQ. 


bie gebern 


bie granen 


bie Snabetl 


bie 9J?ertfcrjett 


*The 


* weak nouns 


never take the umlaut to form the 


plural. No neuters 


are weak. 












Singular (c) 


Plural 


Nom. 


ber 


Stubent 


bie Stnbenten 


Gen. 


be§ 


Stubentett 


ber Stnbenten 


DAT. 


bent 


Stnbenten 


ben Stnbenten 


Ace. 


ben 


Stnbenten 


bie Stnbentett 



^er §err (the gentleman or the master) takes n to form the G., 
D., A. singular and ctt to form all the cases of the plural, 
ber §err bie ©erren 

bes §errtt ber Jerreit 

bem §>errn ben feerren 

ben §errn bie fc'errett 



10 APPENDIX 

24 HI. Mixed Declension 

Singular Strong Gen. Sing. (e)g 
Plural Weak Plural (e)n 

25 Membership: (a) Masculines in e that have become contami- 

nated with Strong I., ber ®Iaube, ber 9came, ber 

SBndjftabe.* 

(b) Some monosyllabic masculines, ber Sdjttterj, 
ber See, ber Stactt, ber Strati. 

(c) Some neuters, ba& $(nge, ba§ Dfyr, ba£ Sett, 
ba§ §emb, bae gnbe. 

Examples 

(a) (b) (c) 

Singular , — • — s 

Nom. ber 9came(n) ber Sdfymer^ ba$ §er§ ba§ 2lnge 

Gen. bes ^ametii* be3 Scfymer^ens* be3 §er^en§* be§ 5Inge£ 

Dat. bent 9camen bent Srfjmer^ bent §er$en bent 5Iuge 

Ace. ben teamen ben Sdjmer^ t>a% §er^ ba£ 5tuge 

Plural 

Nom. bie lament bit Scftmer^en bie §er$en bie 5Utgen 

Gen. ber Harnett ber ©qjmer^ett ber Serpen ber Slugeit 

Dat. ben Seamen ben Scftmer^en ben iper^en ben 5Utgen 

Ace. bte teamen bie ©djmerjett bie Serpen bie Slngen 

*Note that the contamination of these two classes has produced in all the 
nouns under (a) a genitive in lt£. In Sdjtttet^ and ptT$, the genitive form is 
analogical with that of (a). 

t No umlaut in plural ; no f eminines. 

A few nouns form two plurals with difference of meaning : 

bie SBorte = (connected speech) bie SBchtf e = (benches) 

bie ^Sorter = (disconnected words) bie SSanfen = (banks for money) 

26 PROPER NOUNS 

Places— Gen. g. 2>ie Simoofyner 23erltn3 (the inhabitants of Berlin). 

If the noun ends with §, $, or j no case ending is affixed. The 
relation is expressed by means of a preposition — bie @tntt>oljner 
Don tyaxxh. 

Persons — (a) With the article — uninflected. 

bet §einrid) 
bei ipeinrttf) 
bent feeinrirf) 
ben §etnrtd) 
(6) Without the article— Genitive in § or (e)tt§: §etnrtd)§, 
granjigfai, Sonifen*, Marietta, grtgetti, §anfen*.* 

*If the noun ends in Z, £, }, or y, (e)n£ is added to form the genitive. In 
all other cases only §. 







Singular 






m. 


N. 


id) 


bit er 


G. 


meiner 


beiner feine 


D. 


mir 


bir ifmt 


A. 


mid) 


bid) ifyn 



APPENDIX 

27 PIJONOUtfS 

(a) Personal and Reilexive. 
(6) Possessive declined like indefinite article. 
f Demonstrative I 

(c) { Indeftnite • • • k declined like definite article, 
Interrogative 

Relative .... J 

28 The Personal Pronoun 

f n Plural 

fie e§ roir ifyr fie (@ie)* 

feiner ifyrer feiner unfer euer i^rer (3^rer) 

irjr ifmt uns end) ilmen Cgrmen) 

fie e3 UH6 eurf) fie (<5ie) 

* Used In conventional conversation for 2d pers. sing, and plural. 

Reflexives 

29 Singular Plural 

m. f. n. m. f. n. 

Nom. — — — — — 

Gen. — — — — — — 

Dat. mir bir fid) vm§ eutf) fid 

Ace. mid) bid) ftd) un£ end) fid 

30 The other pronouns may be divided into two classes, according 
as they follow the declension of the definite or that of the indefinite 
article (cf. 11 and 12). 

Possessives 

3 I The possessive pronouns follow the declension of the indefi- 
nite article (cf. 12). 

m. f. n. Pl. 

Nom. unfer unf(e)re unfer unf(e)re 

Gen. unfer(e)** nnf(e)rer unfer(e)* unf(e)rer 

Dat. unfer(e)m unf(e)rer unfer(e)m unfer(e)tt 

Ace. unfer(e)n unf(e)re unfer unf(e)re 

* When two unaccented C's occur in successive syllables, one may be omitted. 

32 The possessives are: mein, bein, fein, unfer, euer. In inflection 
they agree in number, gender, and case with the noun which they 
modify. For the possessive + noun may be substituted: ber, hie, ba§ 
meinige; ber, bie, ba^meine; meiner, meine, meines. The declension of 
these forms is given under adjectives (cf. 43 and 44). 

33 Possessive compounds— With the prepositions UJCflett and fmlfcet 
and utn . . . imllett (on account of, for the sake of) the genitive stem 
and the suffix tt forms a compound: 

meinetroegen, meinetfyalber, urn meinetroillen (for my sake). 



12 



APPENDIX 



34 



Demonstratives and Indefinites 



The demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are : ber, biefer, jerter, 
felber, foltfjer, manner, jeber, jebmeber, jeglitfjer, eirter. The only deviation 
from the inflection of the definite article is in bet which has taken on a 
distinctive suffix in the genitive singular and genitive and dative plural. 

The Demonstrative Pronoun 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 

35 



Sing. 
biefer =e ^e§ 
biefer =er ^e£ 
bicfetn -er =em 
biefen -e -e3 



PL. 

biefe 

biefer 

biefen 

biefe 





Sing. 


PL. 


ber 


bie ba§ 


bie 


beffen 


bercn beffen 


bereit 


bem 


ber bem 


benett 


ben 


bie bas 


bie 


ay be 


substituted bei 


;felbe, be 



For regular demonstratives 
jenige. In the declension of these compounds the first part takes 
the declension of the article, the second of the weak adjective (cf. 42). 
Other indefinites are: jemcntb (somebody), jebermanrt (everybody), 
niemanb (nobody), man (corresponding to the French on, not easily 
translated, man fagt=they say). These are generally uninflected, 
though they may take (e)3 in the genitive (except matt, which is used 
only in the nominative, taking etttem and cittett in dat. and ace). 
Ex. - Gen. jebermanns, niemanbes, jemanbe*. 

36 Relative and Interrogative 

Relative: melcfjer, mer, mas, ber. 
Interrog. : meicfter? mer? mas? mas fiir ein? 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 

N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 



meidjer 
beffen 
roelcrjem 
meldjen 



Sing. 

roeld)e 
beren 
rueldier 
roelcfje 
Plural 
meid)e 
beren 
tuelcften 
toeldje 



Relative 

Sing. 
m. & f. n. 
tneldiee mer mas 

beffen* meffen (tueffen) 

toelcfjem mem mem 

melrfjes men mas 

Plural 



ber 
beffen 
bem 
ben 



Sing. 

bie 
beren 
ber 
bie 
Plural 
t)ie 
beren 
benen 
bie 



beffen 

bem 

bag 



*The genitive of the relative Uielcfjet is not used; the genitive of the relative 
UtX has taken its place. For other deviations from inflection of clef. art. cf. 34. 



37 

Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 

Nom 
Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 



Sing. 
roeldjer -c *t% 

melcfyes tx -e* 
melcfyem tx -em 
roeldjen t -c$ 
Pl. (m f. n.) 

meid)e 

meidjer 

roeldjctt 

toeltyt 



Interrogative 



met and 

same as 



mas 
rel. 



Without Noun 
mas fiir einer -e -e£ 
mas fiir cinei tx -e§ 
toa§ fiit einem tx -em 
mas fiir einett -e e§ 
With Noun 
ma3 fiir em, eine, eitt 
mas fiir eine*, tx, -e3 
mas fiir einem, -er, -em 
mas fiir emeu, -e, ein 



APPENDIX 13 



38 ADJECTIVES 

r Strong" — when used without article or pronoun. 
3 Declensions ] Weak — after definite article or pronoun. 

( Mixed — after indefinite article or pronoun. 

39 Strong 1 adj. — without article; declined like definite article. 

Singular 
N. gutcr Ttamx gute gran guteS £inb 

G. gute* 9#amtes* guter 5rau gute* £tnbe§* 

D. gutem SJtonne guter grau gutem ®inbe 

A. guteti Sftann gute 5 rau 9 U ^» £i n & 

Plural 
N. gute Scanner, grauen, Stnber 

G. guter Scanner, grauen, Sttnber 

D. guteti -Hftannera, grauen, Stinbern 

A. gute Scanner, grauen, Sttnber 

*In gen. sing. masc. and neut. the weak ending (etl) is often used instead of 
e§ to avoid recurrence of the sibilant. Ex.— fdjledjtett 2£ctffer£. 

40 Weak adj. — after definite article or pronoun (inflectional syl- 

lables e or etl). 

Singular 

N. ber gute Ttann bte gute grau baz gute £inb 

G. bes guteti SJtonneS ber guteti Srau bes guteti ftinbeS 

D. bent gutett SJtonne ber guteti 3ftau bent guteti Sinbe 

A. ben guteti SDftantt hie gute &rau bas gute fttnb 

Plural 
N. bte guteti Scantier, grauen, Sinber 

G. ber guteti Scanner, Bremen, Sinber 

D. ben gutett Sftannem, graueu, Sittbem 

A. bte guteti banner, graueu, Sinber 

Mixed adj. — after indefinite article and pronoun. {Weak when 
article is inflected, strong when article is not inflected.) 
Singular 

N. em guter Sftcum eine gute gran ein gute* £inb 

G. eme§ guteti SDtames enter gutett &rau eines gutett &inbe§ 

D. etnem guteti SJtonne eiuer gutett 5 rau etnem gutett &inbe 

A. eiuen guteti Warm etne gute &rau ein gute* ftinb 

Plural 
fetne guteti Scanner, grauen, Sinber 
feiner guteti banner, grauen, Sttnber 
fetuen gutett Stfannern, grauen, £tnbern 
feme gutett Scanner, grauen, fttnber 



41 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 



14 



APPENDIX 



42 The demonstrative compounds that are composed of ber, bie, ba%, 
plus the adj. felb or jenig are declined like weak adjectives. (Not in 
frequent use.) 







Singular 




PL. 


N. 


berjenige 


biejenige 


baejenige 


biejenigett 


G. 


besjenigett 


berjenigeu 


bemjenigett 


berjenigett 


D. 


bemjenigett 


berjenigett 


bemjenigeit 


benjenigett 


A. 


benjenigett 


biejenige 


ba^jenige 


biejenigett 



43 1. So also are declined the possessives bet, tit, ba£ tttettte or 
tttettttge and the indefinite bet ettte. 

Singular 

N. ber meute bie meinige ba% eine 

G. be§ nteinett ber meinigett be§ einett 

D. bent metnen ber meinigett bent einett 

A. ben nteinett bie meinige bct§ eine 

Plural (all genders) 

N. bie nteinett bie meinigett bie einett 

G. ber nteinett ber meinigett ber einett 

D. ben nteinett ^n meinigett hen einett 

A. bie nteinett bie meinigett bie einett 

2. 9ftand)er, tteldjer, joldjer are occasionally used without the end- 
ing: mandj, faeld), fold). In that case the adj. following would have 
the strong ending. 



Singular 

N. mand) gnter 9Qtam 

G. mand) gute*(ett) 9ftanne£ 

D. mand) gntettt Sftanne 

A. mand) gutett Ttann 



Plural 

mand) gnte banner 
mand) gnter Manner 
mand) gutett Wannexn 
mand) gute banner 



3. The strong declension is also used after a personal pronoun : 

tdj armer Sftann! 2$a§ f)at man bit, bit arme§ Sinb, getan? 

4. Also after the indeclinable pronouns and numerals: etti)a»3, 
tttdji*?, ailerlet, etc.: etttm§ gute* SBaffer; allerlei ftfjone ©ad)en; ntdht^ 
2Bal)re8. 



APPENDIX 



15 



44 The possessives and the indefinite pronoun titter when used 
without preceding article or following noun are inflected like the 
strong adjective. 







Singular 






N. 


meiner *e *t§ 


einer 


eine 


eine£ 


G. 


meines *er *t% 


eine§ 


einer 


eine§ 


D. 


meinem ^er -em 


einem 


einer 


einem 


A. 


metnett s e *e£ 


einctt 


eine 


eine§ 




Pl. (all genders) 


(No 


Plural) 




N. 


meine 








G. 


meiner 








D. 


metnett 








A. 


meine 









Thus: This is mine, etc.= $a£ ift 



bet, bie, ba% meine 

„ „ „ meinige 
meiner =e *e& 

mein, bein, fein, unfer, euer 
1^ (but never ba3 ift ifyx). 



The pronominal adjectives aflerlei, trielerlei, mandjerlei, berlei, 
foldjertci, allerfjanb were originally attributive genitives (as the gen. 
pl. ending er still shows). They are now used as simple, indeclinable 
adjectives or as substantives. Ex. — Sfferlei Seute. gdj Ijabe Dielerfri 
$u tun. 



5 




Numerals 




1 eing 


13 brei^e^n 




50 fitnfetg 


2 jn?ei 


14 trier^n 




60 fecfeig 


3 brei 


15 funfeeljn 




70 ftebgig 


4 trier 


16 fecrjge^n 




80 ad^ig 


5 fftnf 


17 fteben 




90 nenn^ig 


6 fed)3 


18 ad)t$e$n 




100 fjunbert 


7 fteben 


19 neunjefjn 




121 fjunbert etnunbjitmnjig 


8 ad^t 


20 itoanjig 




200 ^tueifyunbert 


9 neun 


21 einunbgnmn^ig 


1,000 taufenb 


10 je^n 


22 ^toeiunb^tDangig 


1,121 taufenb etnljunbert ein* 


11 elf 


30 breigig 




unb$toan§tg 


12 jtoolf 


40 bier^tg 




1,000,000 eine Million 



16 APPENDIX 

46 The cardinal numerals are indeclinable, except eht£, which, 
when used adjectively, has the forms of eitt, ettte, eitt, the same as the 
indefinite article. (Occasionally jfoei and tltei are found inflected in 
gen. : gfaeier ; and dat. : breiett). 

47 §unbert and taufenb may be used substantively and are then 
declined. Ex. — §unberte toctren ba (Hundreds were there). (£r fyat Sau* 
fenbttt unrest getcm (He did wrong to thousands). They are then 
declined like the plural of the definite article (e, Ct, tit, t)- 

48 Ordinals 

Ordinals are formed from cardinals by the addition of the suffix 
t to all numbers from 2 to [19 — bet neungefjnit, and ft from 20 on— 
ber atrmnaigftt. 

The ordinal of eitt§ is erft (ber erfte) 
" brei " britt (ber britte) 

They may be declined strong, weak, or mixed, but can not be used 
without an inflection. 

Henry II = §einrid) ber Bttette 
§einricf)§ bes gtteiten 
§eiimd) bem gtueiten 
§einrid) ben Qmetten 

The ordinal adverbs are: erfteu*, groeiteu^, brittttti (first, secondly, 
thirdly, etc.). 

49 ADYERBS 

Adverbs do not differ in form from adjectives, except that they are 
not declinable. Often they may be compared like adjectives. 

50 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 

The regular comparison of adjectives is formed by adding et and 
(e)fi to the stem of the word, and is usually accompanied by umlaut. 



fong 


Itinger 


idngft (ber Imtgfte, am langjten) 


9*o& 


grower 


gro^t (§ omitted for euphony) 


htr£ 


Curler 


fur^eft 


miibe 


miiber 


miibeft 



APPENDIX 



17 



Si Without umlaut: 



Hat 
fdjiau 

bitnfel 
frolj 



flarer 
ftf)Iauer 
bunfler 
frofyer 



flarft 

fd)lau(e)ft (all with diphthongs) 

bunfelft 

frofyft 



52 



Irregular Comparison 

(a) Change of f) and rf) (tf) is used finally and before consonants, I) 
is medial) : 

t)o% pfjer fjodjft 
naje nd^er ndrfjft 

(5) Change in stem: 

gut beffex beft 

tiiel mct)r meift 



53 Declension of Comparative and 

The Comparative is declined like the 
syllable being added to the et\ Ex. — 



Strong 
befferer 28ein 

beffere»(en) 2£eines 
befferem 2Beine 
befferen SSein 
beffere SBeinc 
befferer SKeine 
befferen SBeitien 
beffere SBeine 



JFeafc 

bie fcbjonere %xau 
ber fcpneren 3ftau 
ber fcbjoneren gran 
bie fdjonere 5 rau 
bie fd)5neren grauen 
ber 
ben 
bie 



Superlative 

positive, the inflectional 

Mixed 

ein rjorjere* £mu§ 
eines fybrjeren £>aufe§ 
einem pfjeren §cmfe 
ein rjorjere* §aus 
prjere Sdufer 
tyorjerer fidufer 
rjofyeren Sdufern 
fyofyere &dufer 



54 The Superlative can be used regularly only with the definite 
article, hence is always iveak. 

Ex.— hex ndrfjfte grilling 
bes ndc^ften gfriiljltttgg 
bent nddjjlett grilling 
ben nddjften 3ftitl)Hng 

55 In the predicate the phrase am 



bie ntidjftetl tfriirjlinge 
ber nadjjfat grubjlmge 
ben nddjjten griirjltngen 
bie ndd}ften frriiijlmge 

. . . en may be substituted. 



Ex.— £arl ift tier grofete 

or 

&ari ift am grijfeten 
9tttt griifeten, originally adverbial can be used only in the predicate. 
never attributively. 



18 APPENDIX 

56 Both bet Gtoffte and am grpfetett are relative in meaning, i.e., 
they suggest a comparison with other objects of the same class. Sari 
ifl bet Btiifete or am grofeten means that he is larger than the other boys 
before mentioned. When the superlative is used to designate merely 
a high degree of the quality, without definite comparison, we substi- 
tute for the attributive superlative ihtfjetft °r (fid) ft + the positive. 
(£7ir. — Slufeerft (jrofee ffidume rtmdjfen itn ©arten, or prfjft aitfletteljme Seute 
toaren gugegen.) For the adverbial phrase am beftett we substitute attf* 
befte, but this can never be used adjectively. (Ex. — ©ie fang auf# fitfte.) 

Hence we have four forms of the superlative — 

Relative Absolute 

Attributive ber befte augerft (I)6tf)ft) gut 

Adverbial am beften auf§ befte 

Relative 

@r ift bet befte ©center in ber Slaffe (He is the best pupil in the class) 
(£r ift am Beften (He is the best) 

Absolute 

Sr ift ein imfeerft ptet © filler (He is an exceedingly good pupil) 
@r ftubiert attf§ befte (He studies his very best) 

Caution 

It is to be observed that this difference is not so distinctly marked 
in English, hence great care must be taken in translation. 

Thus, "A most remarkable man appeared," becomes in German; 

„6itt ihtfferft nterfttmrbiger 9#ann erfefyien." 
But, "The most remarkable man I ever saw," is: 

£er merftmtrbtafte 9ftcmn, ben id) je gefefyen." 
The English " She sings best of all," " She is the best," and "She 
sings her best" are carefully distinguished in German: 
„@te ftngt am beften/' 
„©ie ift bie befte" or „am beften/' 
„©ie fingt anf§ befte/' 

''She sings most delightfully" is: 

„©te ftngt auf£ fyerrlidjfte." 



APPENDIX 19 

57 YERBS 

r Weak — Tense change produced by suffix te, t 
Two Conjugations j Strong — " " " by vowel altera- 

( tion in stem 

58 principal parts of verb are Pres, Infinitive, Preterite, Perf. 
Participle. 

Weak loben lobte gelobt 
Strong fingen fang gefungen 

(Note that in both conjugations the infinitive ends with ett and the parti- 
ciple begins with ge. ) 

59 There are five modes: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, 

IMPERATIVE, INFINITIVE 

60 There are six tenses : 
I Simple 

[ Auxiliaries fjabttt or feitt + perfect participle of verb 
( Auxiliary ft) ett) ett + infinitive 
6 I Tense Auxiliaries 

Principal Parts 

Ijaben fyatte geljabt 

fein tt)or gettefen 

tt>erben ttmrbe (ttmrb) getoorben 

1. Jjdbftt is weak, but slightly irregular in the preterite, the 
stem consonant being assimilated to the following t. The same 
irregularity will be found in the 2d and 3d sing. pres. indie. (fcm ()aji, 

er I) at). 

2. toertttt has two forms for the pret. sing. ; ttmrbe is preferable 
in prose. 

3. All three verbs are used as independent verbs, or as auxili- 
aries. As verbs they have full inflection in all modes and tenses and 
mean respectively to have, to be, to become. 

4. Observe that Ijafiett (the verb) takes Ijafiett (the auxiliary) to 
form the perfect tense, while feitt and tuerbett take feitt (cf. 62). 



PRESENT 
PRETERITE 

PERFECT 
PLUPERFEC 

FUTURE 
FUTURE PERFECT 



a 



a 



EH 
O 

w 
Eh 

w 

PL, 






H 

OQ 

o 
o 

M 

< 

o 
Q 



£ I 



§ a 



rf3 



3 



-w « :° 



S3 



a a a 

.£= JQ o 



P ^ JO 

iji cj P 

a e~ 



Eh P 
O £ 

Oh 

Pu. 



*-» *-» «, 
e « ** 

fifig 



^ « *~* 



El 

H o 
Oh a 

£881 



«L> O ~ 

O £ *-> 

s a S 

** J-» ~ 

P ^r- 



w a a I 



"Bz 



S3 2 M 

a-ffsS. 



EH a> 

fe a 

s - ~ 

fc .5 £- ., 



yo 



EH 

§ g 

&h o 

« a 

Oh Cft 

J P 
PL. 



^^ a a § 






si 



02 



EH 

Pn o 

>£> i 

P 



a ^;p- 



m 

ph a a 

Sz 



gy £* ° o 

J-> <^ P £ i-> 

Sl| 



«3 



: « ^^ 



EH 
O 

Ho 

0-i cr . 



J S 5 ^ 

Ph « « ^ 



t 



r?^ 






£ a 






B fi 

EH ° 

w a a a 

• «-> JZ> o 



o o J-> 

fifil 

P J 13 ^ j2 



EH -^ 
O £L 

S a 

H « 

D s a a 



t ft 



fe 






X o « 

** tl JO 

?J o ^ 

fi a s 



a ^ 



O o J^ 



a a a 



sis 

S a a 

a ff ? M 



I^££ fiBa 






CO 



-t* ±j EH *-> *■» 



'o tr *^ o 
.^i yo o p 



yo o P .- ^ — 



>p^ 



St 



P H 

^ *° S 3^ « 

& "S > cr, ^ cl M S. S. "S 

5^^ S"jB 



o 






a 
a 



SB 



csi i^o^P° -°jo^* 

isl^ fitise£ 



H O 

o a 
m 



C33 



ft o £=" 

PL, — £-o_ 



E*S 






a ° 



I § I * * : 

S3 g as-: 



ft S 
K Si, 
« « 

ft 8 

£ e S 1 f 2 

^ 2 ** 'S 






ft o 

iff* ill 

s a & 1 a | s ' 1 a 

^£ * :?£ S a e~ 



ft £ 






° o 



o -« •{ 



Eh ° ° 

« 1 1 a ■§ -8 S &5?5 ••! :g 1 

* b fi 1 ® a a fa a fi I * * a 

.Js jo o k £2 IX- .¥ j=> o a £2 EX- 



5 2 










«L> 










Eh 




E* 


a> t 


^ 






^ 


O 




O 
ft 


a 










ft 
ft 




ft 


C32 










P3 


> 


ft 
Ph 


*o ^r 


aj 


a 


"S 


g 


ft 
La 

- 


p 

1-3 




SJs 






EX 


Ph 
















pq 








p* 








P 
GO 








QJ 








CO 

&3 


.- £r 




O 


o> 


QJ 








3 js s a e 



a * 



1 1 1 1 1 1 

fi o ** Q 

** w S .*2 m ** 



Eh 
O 

ft 
ft 

r£ 

ft 
Ph 

ft 

P 
H 
P 



H 

« 

Ph 



b a 



g^^g 5 2 



a fi a 



3 S : g 

a i^sS. 






j=> s x -t: 



P 
fa 



__ ** »^ » 

:5 jjj W ?S 



a p p » a 5 

^ rv, — « 



55 P 



a a : g 
1^1 



b£^ "3 






Si .52 ?h © 



e_, (!) *H 






5S & 



I* Tl 






5*3- ■JIT J^ 1 



Si 

ft o 

Ph 52 >o 3 






^ ^ 

ys o 



ft o 

» ft cr: 

-« ."S ^ ? ^ ^ ^ tS 



5-* 'o 



o 

ft 
ft 
« 
ft 

Ph 

ft 

P 
b^ 

P 



P5 ^^ 

fi S 



— ' ^ ^y* 

i2 rS ^ ft 
•« S* — ' 



>& £3 






:-w 



1^ 









o 
CS3 - 



« € •£ « 1 



g. d a 2 a 






II 

g M 



- ^ 






<©©?_» 

2 ^ a 
a? s 

h 2 - 



2 



I 



22 



APPENDIX 



63 



64 



65 



66 



Conditional 

I. id) ttmrbe Ijctben* id) ttmrbe f em (etc.) 

II. id) toiirbe gefyabt fjaben* id) ttmrbe gettiefen fein (etc.) 

I. id) mitrbe toerben (etc.) 
II. id) tourbe gercorben fein (etc.) 
Imperatives 
fei (bit) toerbe 

feib (il)t) tterbet (it)t) 

feien <Sie toerben ©ie 

Infinitives 
Pres. l)aben fein toerben 

Perf. nefyabt fiaben getoefen fein gett)orben fein 

Participles 
f)abenb feienb 



fyabe (bit) 
^ab(e)t (iljr) 
i)aben 6ie 

l)aben 
gefyabt l)aben 



Pres. 
Perf. 



67 



gefyabt gemefen 

Use of Tense Auxiliaries 



toerbenb 
getoorben 



I. 



II. 



I)aben ! 
fein 



r form perfect and pluperfect tenses. 
( forms future and future perfect tenses, 
toerben < passive voice, 

( conditional mode. 



68 



69 



Use of Ijnfiett 
r 1. All active transitive verbs. 
IjaBett ] 2. All intransitives, except those that express 
\ transition of place or condition. 

Representative Verbs that take fern 
1. Transition of Place 



abreifen = to start on a journey 

auf jtefyen = to get up 

begegnen = to meet 

eilen = to hurry (but ftd) eilen 

takes fyaben) 
erfd)einen = to appear 
fctfyren = to ride, to go 
fallen = to fall (but the causative 

fallen takes fyaben) 

*The full paradigm is: 

id) ttmrbe fyaben (gefyabt fyaben) 
bu ttmrbeft „ „ „ 

ertoitrbe 



fltegen = to fly 

flieijen = to flee 

flie^en = to flow 

folgen = to follow 

gei)en = to go 

gleiten (au£gleiten)=to glide, to slip 

ffunmen = to climb 

flettem = to clamber 

lommen = to come 

ttir foiirben l)aben (gel)abt §aben) 
\t)t raiirbet „ „ „ 

fie mitrben „ n » 



APPENDIX 23 

fried)en = to crawl fdiraimmen = to swim 

faufeit = to run fatten = to sink 

reiten = to ride fp ring en = to spring 

rennen = to run fteigen = to climb 

rirmen = to flow fturjen = to fall, to dash 

fdjfetdjen = to creep tret en = to step 

fdjreiten = to step trjetrfjert = to withdraw 

gierjen = to wander (but ^ierjen = to draw, takes rjaben) 

70 2. Transition of Condition 

auftBadjen = to wake up (but root* gebeirjen = to flourish 

djen takes rjCtbert) geltngen = to succeed 

etnfcrjlafen = to go to sleep (but genefen = to recover 

(rijlafett takes rjctben) gliicfen = to succeed 

entr3Iur)en = to burst into bloom fcfieitera = to fail 

(but Mitfjett takes rjctben) fdjmelgett = to melt 

entftfjfafen = to go to sleep, to die frerben = to die 
ertrinlen = to drown Uerarmen = to become impover- 

errcadjen = to awaken ishecl 

erfrieren = to freeze to death fcerrjiingern = to die of hunger 

ttmtfrien = to grow 
The verbs fettt and Mei&ett also take the auxiliary jeht, although 
the transition idea is not so plainly apparent as in the other verbs of 
the above lists. 

7 I Inflection of Yerbs 

(a) The inflection of weak and of strong verbs is identical, except 
in the formation of the preterite and of the pert*, participle as shown 
above. The personal endings and tense auxiliaries are the same for 
both. 

(6) Exception — Strong verbs with the stem vowel e change this 
C into i or te in 2d and 3d pers. sing, indie, pres. and 2d imper. ; those 
with the stem vowel a change this to ft in the 2d and 3d pers. sing. 
indie, pres. , but not in imperative. 

72 (c) Subjunctive Mode — The present subjunctive shows none of 
the irregularities of syncopation or umlaut that we have observed in 
the indicative. It is formed regularly upon the present stem. 

In the preterite a distinction is observed between the strong and 
weak verbs, the former taking the umlaut, the latter not (except in 

Note — On the following pages will be found the indie, and subj. conjugation 
of weak and strong verbs side by side to emphasize the difference in ending; one 
verb in each case illustrating the fja&Ctt verbs and one the fettt verbs. 



24 



APPENDIX 



73 


Weak Verb with J)aben 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. 


id) liebe 


id) IxtUt (liebe) 




bu liebft 


bu Uefcteft (Hebeft) 




er liebt 


er liebe 




ttrir lieben 


ttrir liebten (lieben) 




iljr liebt 


iljr liefctet (liebet) 




fie lieben 


fie liebten (lieben) 


Pret. 


id) liebte 


id) liebte 




bu liebteft 


bu liebteft 




er liebte 


er liebte 




ttrir liebten 


ttrir liebten 




il)r liebtet 


iljr liebtet 




fie liebten 


fie liebten 


Perf. 


id) l)abe geliebt 


id) (jiitte geliebt (l)abe) 




bu Ijaft „ 


bu tyabeft „ 




er i)at „ 


er Ijabe „ 




ttrir l)aben „ 


ttrir fatten „ (fyaben) 




il)r Ijabt „ 


i^rpttet „ (fjabet) 




fie ^aben „ 


fie fatten „ (tyahen) 


Plup. 


id) l)atte geliebt 


id) Ijatte geliebt 




bu fyatteft „ 


bu fyatteft „ 




er ^atte „ 


er Ijdtte „ 




toix fatten „ 


ttrir fatten „ 




i%x tjattet „ 


tl)r Ijattet „ 




fie fatten „ 


fie fatten „ 


Fut. 


id) toerbe lieben 


id) tuiirtie lieben (toerbe) 




bu ttrirft „ 


bu tt)erbeft „ 




er lt)irb „ 


er tt>erbe „ 




tt)ir tterben „ 


xoix mitrtien „ (toerben) 




iljr toerbet „ 


if)x mitrbet „ (tuerbet) 




fie toerben „ 


fie miirbeu „ (roerben) 


Fut. Perf 


. id) toerbe geliebt t)aben 


id) tour be geliebt Ijaben (tuerbe) 




bu ttrirft „ 


bu toerbeft „ 




er lt)irb „ 


er tt)erbe „ 




ttrir toerben „ . 


ttrir mitrbett „ (merben) 




iljr merbet „ 


i^r mitrbet „ (toerbet) 




fie merben „ 


fie mitrben „ (toerben) 



APPENDIX 



25 



74 


Strong 


Verb with fjafiett 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. 


id) fefje 
bu fiefjft 
er fieljt 


id) fa^e (fefje) 
bu feljeft- 
er feije 




ton fef)eu 
iljr fei>t 
fie fe^en 


mir faljm (fefyeu) 
i^r fa^et (fefjet) 
fie fiigett (fe^en) 


Pret. 


bu fa^ft 
er falj 


id) fdf^e 
bu fdfyefl 
er fdtye 




toir fa^eu 
if)X fafjt 
fie fafyeu 


ttnr fd^eu 
ifyx fd^et 
fie fdfyeu 


Perf. 


id) fyabe gefefyeu 
bu fjaft 
er §at 


id) {jfttte gefefjeu (fyahey 
bu fyabeft „ 
er fyabe „ 




tt)ir Ijabeu „ 
tfjr fyabt „ 
fie fyabeu „ 


tvix fatten „ (fyabeu) 
t^r (jattet „ (fjabet) 
fie Jjdtten „ (fyabeu) 


Plup. 


id) f)atte gefefyeu 
bu ijatteft „ 
er fyatte „ 


id) fj'atte gefefjeu 
bu fydtteft „ 
er !)dtte „ 




tvix fatten „ 
\t)X fyattet „ 
fie fatten „ 


ttrir fatten „ 
tl)r fydttet „ 
fie ptten „ 


Fut. 


id) tvexbe fe^eu 
bu ttrirft „ 
er ttnrb „ 


id) toiirbe fefjen (fterbe) 
bu toerbeft „ 
er toerbe „ 




ttjtr toerbeu „ 
ifyr toerbet „ 
fie toerbeu „ 


ttrir timrben „ (tDerbeu) 
it)r taitrtoet „ (rcerbet) 
fie tmtrtiett „ (fterbeu) 


Fut. Perf 


id) tvexbe gefefyen 

bu fair ft 

er ttnrb „ 


)abeu id) tmtr&e gefeljeu l)aben (toerbe) 
bu tuerbeft „ 
er merbe „ 




ttrir tt)erbeu „ 
ifyr toerbet „ 
fie toerben „ 


tvix toiirben „ (fterbeu) 
ifyr toitrbet „ (toerbet) 
fie umrben „ (toerbeu) 



26 



75 





APPENDIX 




Weak Verb with feift 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. 


id) folge 


ty folgte (forge) 




bu folgft 


bn folgteft (fol^eft) 




er foXgt 


er folge 




hrir folgeu 


toix folgten (folgeu) 




iljr folgt 


ty* folgtet (folget) 




fie folgen 


fte folgten (folgeu) 


Pret. 


id) folgte 


id) folgte 




bu folgteft 


bu folgteft 




er folgte 


er folgte 




tmr folgteu 


toil folgteu 




i^r folgtet 


it)r folgtet 




fte folgten 


fie folgteu 


Perf 


id) bin gefolgt 


id) fei gefolgt 




bu bift „ 


bu feift 




er ift 


er fei 




lt)ir ftub „ 


ttnr feien „ 




i^r feib „ 


ifyr feiet „ 




fte ftub „ 


fie feieu „ 


Plup. 


id) mar gefolgt 


id) ttmre gefolgt 




bu toacft „ 


bu toareft „ 




er tnar „ 


er mare „ 




fair ttmren „ 


toir ttmren „ 




it)r ftmr(e)t „ 


ifyx ttmret „ 




fte ttmren „ 


fie ttmren „ 


Fut. 


id) toerbe folgeu 


id) ttmrbe folgeu (toerbe) 




bu toirft „ 


bu toerbeft „ 




er tturb „ 


er toerbe „ 




toil merben „ 


ttrir miirben „ (merben) 




tfyr toerbet „ 


il)r toiirbet „ (toerbet) 




fie tuerben „ 


fte niiirten „ (tuerben) 


Fut. Perf. 


id) tuerbe gefolgt feiu 


id) mitrtie gefolgt feiu (tuerbe) 




bu tt)irft „ 


bu toerbeft „ 




er ttnrb „ 


er tterbe „ 




toix tuerben „ 


tuir miirben „ (tuerben) 




ityr toerbet „ 


i^r tmtrbet „ (tuerbet) 




fie toerben „ 


fie tmtrtiett „ (tuerben) 





APPENDIX 


2 


6 


Strong Verb with feitt 






Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Pres. 


idj faHe 


id) flclc (faHe) 






bu fdUft 


bu faEeft 






er ftillt 


er fatte 






ttrir fallen 


toft fielen (fallen) 






ifjr faUt 


i^r fielet (faHet) 






fie fallen 


fie fielen (fallen) 


: 


Pret. 


id) fiel 


id) fiele 






bu fielft 


bu fieleft 






er fiel 


er fiele 






ttrir fielen 


tr)ir fielen 






i$r fielt 


i^r fielet 






fie fielen 


fie fielen 




Perf. 


id) bin gefallen 


id) fei gefallen 


* 




bu bift 


bu feieft „ 






er ift 


er fei 






ttrir finb „ 


ttrir feien „ 






iljr feib „ 


i^r feiet „ 






fie finb 


fie feien „ 




Plup. 


id) mar gefallen 


id) mdre gefallen 






bu marft „ 


bu mdreft „ 






er mar „ 


er mare „ 






mir maren „ 


ttrir maren „ 






il)r mac(e)t „ 


il)r tt)dret „ 






fie maren „ 


fie maren „ 




Fut ■ 


id) merbe fallen 


id) toiirbe fallen 


(merbe) 




bu ttrirft „ 


bu merbeft „ 






er mirb „ 


er merbe „ 






mir merben „ 


mir toitrben „ 


(merben) 




ifyx merbet „ 


i^r toitrbet „ 


(merbet) 




fie merben „ 


fie miirben 


(merben) 


Fut. Perf. 


, id) merbe gefallen fein 


id) tuitrlie gefallen fein (merbe) 




bu toirft „ 


bu merbeft , 


7 




er mirb „ 


er merbe , 


/ 




ttrir merben „ 


tt)tr toiirben 


„ (merben) 




i§r merbet „ 


tfjt toiirbet 


,, (merbet) 




fie merben „ 


fie nmrben , 


, (merben) 



28 



APPENDIX 



77 



I. 

II. 

I. 

II. 



Pres. 
Perf. 



Pres. 
Perf. 



Conditional 
Weak 
id) tDiirbe liefiett* 
id) tDiirbe jjeliebt Ija&en 
id) tDiirbe falgett 
id) tDiirbe gefolflt fein 

Imperative 

forge (bu) 
fo!g(e)t (i$r) 
folgen ©ie 

Infinitives 
fofgen 
gefofgt fein 

Participles 
liebenb fofgenb 
geliebt gefotgt 



Strong 
id) tDiirbe fetjen 
id) tDiirbe flefe|ett Ijaben 
td) tDiirbe fatten 
id) tDiirbe gefatten fein 



Itebe (bu) 
Iieb(e)t (if)x) 
lieben ©ie 

lieben 
geliebt jjafien 



fte$ (bu) 
fe^(e)t (t$r) 
fe^en Sie 

fefyen 
gefefyen Ijafien 



faGe (bu) 
faU(e)t (i$r) 
fatleu Sie 

fatten 
gefatten fein 



fefyenb 
gefefyen 



fattenb 
gefatten 



78 



Passive Voice 



Form : conjugation of tDerbeu -f P er ^ • part- of verb. 



Indicative 
Pres. id) toertie gefydrt 
bu tuirfi „ 
er totrb „ 

tDir tuerben „ 
i^r mxM „ 
fie toerbeu „ 

Pret. id) uittrbe gef)5rt 
bu amrbeft „ 
er imtrbe „ 
tDir tmtrben „ 
if)r tomrbet „ 
fie tomrbett „ 

* The full paradigm is : 

id) tDiirbe liebeu 
bu tDiirbeft „ 
er tDiirbe „ 
tDir tDiirbeu lieben 
it)t tDiirbet „ 
fie tDiirben „ 



Subjunctive 
id) toitrbe gefyort (tDerbe) 
bu toerbeft „ 
er tnerbe „ 
tDir tojiiriiett „ (tDerben) 
tf)t toiirbet „ (tDerbet) 
fie ttmrben „ (tDerben) 

id) tuiirtie gefyort 
bu umrbeft „ 
er nmrbe „ 
tDirmitrbett „ 
tijr mitrhet „ 
fie tomrbett „ 



id) tDiirbe geliebt fyaben 
bu tDiirbeft „ 

er tDiirbe „ 

tDir tDiirben geliebt fyaben 
i^r tDiirbet „ 

fie tDiirben „ 



id) toiirbe gefatten fein 
bu tDiirbeft „ 

er tDiirbe „ 

tDir tDiirben gefatten fein 
ifjr tDiirbet „ 

fie tDiirben „ 







APPENDIX 


2£ 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Perf 


id) 6itt gef)drt foorben* 


id) fei gefyort toorbett 




bit bifi „ 


tt 


bu feieft „ 


// 




er ift 


tt 


er fei 


// 




totr flub „ 


tt 


tutr feiett „ 


// 




i^r feib „ 


tt 


t^rfeiet „ 


// 




fte flnb „ 


tt 


fte feiett „ 


// 


Plup. 


ttf) toar ge^ort morben 


id) toare gefjort toorbett 




bu marfi „ 


tt 


bu toiireft ,, 


tt 




er mar „ 


tt 


er mare 


tt 




tuir foarett „ 


tt 


tutr todrett „ 


tt 




ifjr mart ,. 


tt 


ifjr mdret „ 


tt 




fte toarett „ 


tt 


fte marett „ 


tt 


Fut. 


id) tuerbe gefjort toerbett 


id) toiirbe geprt tuerben (tuerbe) 




bu ttiirft „ 


tt 


bu tuerbeft „ 


tt 




er toirb „ 


tt 


er foerbe „ 


tt 




ttrir toerben „ 


tt 


ttrir toiirbett „ 


„ (tuerben) 




i^r merbet „ 


tt 


i^r miirbet „ 


„ (tuerbet) 




fie merben „ 


tt 


fte miirben „ 


„ (tuerben) 


F. P. 


tcf) toerbe getyort morben feitt 


id) toiirbe gefjort tuorben fein (tuerbe) 




bu tijirft „ 


tt tt 


bu merbeft „ 


tt tt 




er fcrirb „ 


tt tt 


er toerbe „ 


tt tt 




tt)ir merben „ 


tt tt 


ttrir toiirbett „ 


„ (tuerben) 




i^r merbet „ 


tt tt 


tfjr mitrbet „ 


„ (tuerbet) 




fte tuerben „ 


tt tt 


fte ttiiiriien „ 


„ (tuerben) 



79 Conditional 
I. id) toiirbe gefjdrt toerbett II. id) toiirbe geprt motbett fein 

Imperative 
tuerbe (bu) gefjort metbet (t§r) gefjdrt 

Infinitives 
Pres. ge^ort toerbett Perf. 

Participles 
Pres. ge^ort toerbettb Perf. 

80 Compounds 

An adverbial prefix modifies the meaning of a verb and changes 
its form according to certain laws. 

* Observe that the perf. participle getUOrben loses its augment in the passive. 



toerbett ©te ge^ort 
geprt toorbett feitt 
ge*)5rt toorbett 



30 



APPENDIX 



Example 
fragen=to question 6efragen=to interrogate 
These compounds may be : 



<Wgfragen=to draw out 



1. Inseparable 



(a) Accent on root syllable — befragen 

(b) No augment in perf. part. — befragt 

(c) Not separated in infinitive — gu befragen 



2. Separable 



(a) Accent on prefix — an^fragen 

(b) Augment between perf. and root — Git3(jeftagt 
{ (c) Separated in infinitive — au§ jufragen 

Principal Parts 

1. Inseparable ftefragen Befragte Befragt 

2. Separable att3fragen fragte au% auSgefragt 

Synopsis of Compounds 

Indicative 



Inseparable 


Separable 


id) befrage 


id) frage au§ 


id) befragte 


id) fragte a«§ 


id) fyabe befragt 


id) fyabe au§gefragt 


id) rjatte befragt 


id) tjatte au^gefragt 


id) toerbe befragen 


id) tterbe ausfragen 


id) tnerbe befragt fjaben id) toerbe au^gefragt fjaben 




Imperative 


befrage (bn) 
befrag(e)t (iijr) 
befragen ©ie 


frage (bn) aul 
frag(e)t (it)r) au£ 
fragen ©ie em8 
Infinitive 


Pres. befragen 
Perf. befragt fyahen 


au§fragen 
tttt§gefragt Ijaben 




Participles 


Pres. befragenb 
Perf. befragt 


rmSfragenb 
attSgefragt 


Modal Auxiliaries 



81 

Satwen, tnogen, bitrfen, mitffen, fatten, tootten. These (all but molten) 

are preterite presents, i. e. , they have the form of the preterite (of 
strong verbs) while they are used as presents. Hence id) latttt (I can), 
id) batf (I may) correspond in form to id) ftttttt (I thought), id) foarf (I 
threw). The infinitive, weak preterite, and participle now in use were 
formed in analogy with weak verbs. This accounts for their peculiar 
form, which must be memorized with care. 

The singular and the plural present differ in form, and the new 
infinitive, preterite, and perf. part, are formed on the plural stem. 







APPENDIX 






fonnen 


fonnte 




gefonnt 




mo gen 


mocf)te 




gemodit 




bixrfert 


burfte 




geburft 




miiffen 


mugte 




gemnfet 




follen 




follte 




gefollt 




mollen 


mollte 




gettollt 








Present 






Indic. 


SUBJ. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


id) f ann 


fonne 


mag 


moge 


barf 


biirfe 


bu famtft 


fonneft 


magft 


mogefi 


barfft 


biirfeft 


er f ann 


fonne 


mag 


moge 


barf 


biirfe 


toir fonnen 


fonnten^ 


mogen 


molten* 


biirfen 


imrften* 


tljt fount 


fonntet 


mogt 


miitfjtet 


biirft 


tiirftet 


fie fonnen 


fonnten 


mogen 


tniidjten 


biirfen 


biirften 






Preterite 






Indic. 


SUBJ. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


id) fonnte 


fonnte 


modjte 


modjte 


burfte 


burfte 


bu f onnteft 


fonnteft 


modjteft 


modjteft 


burfteft 


biirfteft 


er fonnte 


fonnte 


modjte 


motf)te 


burfte 


burfte 


tnir f onnten 


fonnten 


molten 


modjten 


burften 


biirften 


iljr f onntet 


fonntet 


modjtet 


mddjtet 


burftet 


biirftet 


fie fonnten 


fonnten 


molten 


molten 


burften 


biirften 






Present 






Indic. 


Subj. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


id) mug 


miiffe 


foil 


folie 


mill 


mofte 


bu muftt 


miiffe ft 


follft 


folleft 


nntlft 


mofteft 


er mug 


miiffe 


foil 


folle 


toffl 


mofte 


tt)ir miiffen 


ntitgten 


fotlen 


fottten 


ro often 


ttipfften 


ifyr miigt 


mit^tet 


follt 


fofftet 


moftt 


tnotttet 


fie miiffen 


mitfetett 


follen 
Preterit 


fafften 

le 


to often 


tootftett 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


i^ mugte 


miifjte 


follte 


follte 


tooftte 


moftte 


bu muftteft 


miifjtefi 


fotlteft 


follteft 


moltteft 


moftteft 


er mugte 


miifjte 


follte 


follte 


raoftte 


moftte 


trir mujgten 


mii^ten 


follten 


follten 


mollten 


mollten 


it)t mufttet 


miigtet 


folltet 


folltet 


molltet 


mofttet 


fie muftten 


miiBten 


follten 


follten 


mo lit en 


tooftten 


* Preterite forms instead o 


f presents which are identical with indicative; < 


62, footnote. 













31 



cf. 



32 APPENDIX 

82 In the formation of the perfect tenses we distinguish between 
the use of these verbs as pure verbs and as auxiliaries. When used as 
pure verbs the participle is weak : gefOttttt, etc., when used as auxiliary, 
with an infinitive complement the old strong participle (without aug- 
ment) is used : fijtltten. 

id) l)ctbe gefcmnt id) fyabe geljen fihmen 

(I have been able) (I was able to go) 

id) §abe getmrft id) tyabe tyred)en tmrfen 

(I was permitted) (I was permitted to speak) 

id) fyabe geftritt id) fyabe gefyen foflen 

(I was supposed tc) (I was supposed to go) 

id) fyabe fletoofft idj fyabe gefyen tootten 

(I wished tc) (I wanted to go) 

id) fyabe gemufet id) f;abe gefjen tnitffen 

(I was compelled) (I had to go) 

id; t)abe gemodjt id) fjabe fdjreiben mojett 

(I wanted tc) (I felt like writing) 

The future tense and the first conditional are formed regularly: 

id) toerbe mogen id) toerbe fdjretben mogen 

id) rourbe mogen id) toiirbe fdjreiben mogen 

The future perfect and the second conditional are too long and 
clumsy for use. 

83 Another preterite present but not a modal auxiliary is tiJtffctt: 

totffen ttmgte genmjst 

Indic. Subj. 

id) toeig . id) ruiffe 

bu toetgt bit toiffeft 

er toeifj er toiffe 

tott totffen tott toiiftten (totffen) 

ti)r totfjt tyx toil^tet (toiffet) 

fie toiffen fie mit^ten (totffen) 

The other tenses* are formed regularly. 

84 Like the modal auxiliaries in use is the verb laffen: 
id) laffe ein Sleib madjen I have a dress made 
„ He§ „ „ „ I had a dress made 

„ l)abe „ „ „ laffen I have had a dress made 

„ §abe gelaffen I have left 



APPENDIX 33 

85 Causatives 

Causatives are formed from the preterite of strong intransitive 
verbs. They represent the object as being made to do the action 
implied in the verb. The causatives are all weak. 
liegen (lie) legen (lay) 

ft&eu (sit) fefcen (set) 

ftefyeu (stand) fteflen (put, i. e., make to stand) 

trinfen (drink) trdnfen (give to drink) 

finfcn (sink) feufen (make to sink) 

86 Reflexive Verbs 

Reflexive Verbs require a pronominal object that refers back to 
the subject. In the first and second person this object is the regular 
personal pronoun in the dative or accusative. In the third person it 
is ftrfj, both singular and plural. 

Present Future 

Ixdic. Subj. tdj toerbe mid) freuen, etc. 

id) freue inic^ freute mid) (freue) Fut. Perf. 
bit freitft bid) freueft bid) id) merbe mid) gefreut f)aben, etc. 

er freut fid) freue fid) Imper. 

roir freuen un* freuteu un3 (freuenj freue (bu) bier) 

\t)X freut eud) frcutet eud) (freuet) freuet (if)r) end) 

fie freuen ftdj freuteu fid) (freuen) freueu (5ie fid) 

Preterite Inflnit. 

x% freute mid,, etc. ^ f reuen ' M ^ xeut ^ aben 

Part. 
er J ect fid) freuenb, fid) gefreut 

id] f)abe mid) gefreut, etc. Cwid. 

Pluperfect id) tt)iirbe mid) freuen 

id) fyatte mid) gefreut, etc. „ „ „ gefreut fyahen 

87 Impersonal Verbs 

Impersonal Verbs have e* (with no definite antecedent) for sub- 
ject. They usually represent a condition (mental or physical) and 
have many idiomatic constructions. 

Physical Mental 

e3 regnet e§ graut mir 

e^ fdjneii e£ freut mid) 

es friert mid) e§ argert mid) 



34 



APPENDIX 



Idiomatic 
e% giebt (there is, or there are) 
e§> gilt (it is a question of) 
e3 fragt ftcf> (the question arises) 
e§ fycmbelt fid) urn (it is a question of) 
e§ lofntt fid) (it is worth while) 
e§ laftt fief) tun (it can be done) 

88 Irregular Yerbs 

Seven weak verbs are irregular in appearance, since the infinitive 
has undergone an umlaut change because of a suffix (now lost) which 
did not affect the other principal parts. 

brennen brannte gebrannt 

lennen fannte gefannt 

nennen nannte genannt 

retxnen rannte gerannt 

fenben fanbte gefanbt 

raenben toanbte gemanbt 

benfen* bad)te gebacftt 

* Observe that the last named has lost the nasal before $ and has undergone 
a consonant change. So also : 

bringen bradjte gebracfyt 

89 Table of Strong Verbs 





2d & 3d Sing. 


Preterite 






Infinitive 


Pres. Indic. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Past Part. 


Imper. 


abfietgeu 


reg. 


ftieg-ab 


ftiege-ab 


abgeftiegen 


reg. 


abtragen 


trdgft, 
trtigt-ab 


trug-ab 


triige-ab 


abgetragen 


reg. 


anfangen 


fdngft, 
fdngt-an 


ftng-an 


finge-an 


angef.angen 


reg. 


angel) en 


reg. 


ging-an 


ginge-an 


angegangen 


reg. 


anneljmen 


nimmft, 
nimmt-an 


nafym-an 


ndt)me-an 


angenommen 


mmm- 
an 


anfieigen 


reg. 


ftieg-an 


ftiege-an 


angeftiegen 


reg. 


anfireirfjen 


reg. 


ftrtd)-an 


ftrid)e-an 


angeftridjen 


reg. 


nuffteigen 


reg. 


ftieg-auf 


ftiege-auf 


aufgeftiegen 


reg. 


auftragen 


trdgft, 

trdgt-auf 


trug-anf 


triige-auf 


aufgetragen 


reg. 


barf en 


bdefft, bdeft 


bucf 


biicfe 


gebacfen 


reg. 


bebcttfen 


reg. 


bebafyte 


bebdcf)te 


bebad)t 


reg. 


bebiirfett 


bebarfft 
bebarf 


beburfte 


bebixrfte 


beburft 


reg. 







APPENDIX 




,2 




2d & 3d Sing 


Preterite 






Infinitive 


Pres. Indic. 


Indic. 


Sub j. 


Past Part. 


Imper. 


ficflebett 


begiebft, 

begiebt 

reg. 


begab 


begdbe 


begeben 


begieb 


fieflimten 


begann 


begonne 


begomten 


reg. 


ieiftett 


beiffeft, beiftt 


big 


biffe 


gc biff en 


reg. 


Betr^ffen 


betriffft, 

betrifft 

reg. 


betraf 


betrdfe 


betroffen 


reg. 


Bejie|ett 


be^og 


be^oge 


be^ogen 


reg. 


Jrieten 


reg. 


hot 


Bote 


geboten 


reg. 


fiittiieu 


reg. 


banb 


bdnbe 


gebunben 


reg. 


Btetfiett 


reg. 


blieb 


bliebe 


geblieben 


reg. 


Brenneu 


reg. 


brannte 


brenntc 


gebramtt 


reg. 


bartrieten 


reg. 


bot-bar 


bote-bar 


bargeboten 


reg. 


tienfen 


reg. 


badjte 


bdcrjte 


gebad)t 


reg. 


torinsen 


reg. 


brang 


brdnge 


gebrungen 


reg. 


biirfen 


barfft, barf 


burfte 


biirfte 


geburft 


reg. 


eittSrittBett 


reg. 


brang-ein 


brdnge-ein 


cingebmngen 


reg. 


etnfaHen 


— , fdllt-ein 


ftel-ein 


ftele-ein 


eingefatten 


reg. 


einfdjlafen 


WPffl, 
fcfjldft-ein 


fd)Iief-ein 


fcfyliefe-ein 


eingefcfylafen 


reg. 


entljalten 


entpltft, 
entfyaft 


entfjtelt 


entfyielte 


cntfyalten 


reg. 


erf) alien 


erpitft, 
erfydlt 


erfytelt 


erfjielte 


crfyalten 


reg. 


erfjefien 


reg. 


crfyob 


erfyobe 


er^oben 


reg. 


ermeffett 


ermiffeft, 
ermijst 


crmafj 


ermdfce 


ermeffen 


ermig 


erraten 


errdtft, errdt 


erriet 


erriete 


erraten 


errate 


erfdjeinett 


reg. 


erfcfyien 


erfdjiene 


erfdjienen 


reg. 


erttietfen 


reg. 


erttrie£ 


ertuiefe 


ertDiefen 


reg. 


ertoerfien 


ermirbft, 
ertoirbt 


ermarb 


entmrbe 


ermorben 


ertoirb 


eff en 


iffeft, ifct 


afe 


m 


gegeffen 


iB 


fasten 


f aljrft, f dfjrt 


fu$t 


fiifyre 


gefafyren 


reg. 


fatten 


faKft, fdllt 


fter 


ftefe 


gefaEen 


reg. 


fangen 


fangft, f dngt 


ftng 


ftnge 


gefangen 


reg. 


fht&en 


reg. 


fanb 


fdnbe v 


gefimben 


reg. 


ftiegen 


reg. 


flog 


pge 


geflogen 


reg. 


flieften 


reg. 


floB 


fldffe 


gefloffen 


reg. 


frieten 


reg. 


fror 


fro re 


gefroren 


reg. 


BeSen 


giebft, giebt 


gab 


gabe 


gegeben 


gieb 


Bebenfen 


reg. 


gebacfyte 


gebdcrjtc 


gebadj)t 


reg, 



35 



36 


2d & 3d Sing. 


APPENDIX 

Preterite 






Infinitive 


Pres. Indic. 


Indic. 


SUBJ. 


Past Part. 


Imper. 


Befallen 


gefftUft, 
gefaUt 

reg. 


geftet 


geftele 


gefallen 


reg. 


Bel) en 


B»B 


giuge 


gegangeu 


ge^ 


gelingeu 


— , reg. 


gelang 


gelduge 


gelungen 


reg. 


Beniefeen 


reg. 


genoB 


genoffe 


genoffen 


reg. 


flraben 


grdbft, grdbt 


grub 


griibe 


gegraben 


reg. 


l)a6en 


$a')t, $at 


Ijatte 


tj'dtte 


ge^abt 


reg. 


fatten 


pttft, pit 


i)\z\t 


tjielte 


getjatten 


reg. 


^etfen 


&tiffi, Pft 


pif 


fyiilfe 


gefyolfen 


m\ 


ijeruorneljs 


nintmft, 


nafym-f)er= 


= ndijme-fyer* 


t)ert)orge* 


nimm- 


men 


nimmt- 
Ijer&or 


DOT 


dor 


nommen 


tjer&or 


flhtflen 


reg. 


Jiang 


flange 


geflnngen 


reg. 


foutmen 


reg. 


fam 


fame 


getommen 


reg. 


fdnnen 


fannft, fann 


fonnte 


fonnte 


gefomtt 


reg. 


laffen 


laffeji, lajgt 


lxe% 


liege 


gelaffen 


reg. 


lanfen 


laufft, lauft 


lief 


tiefe 


gelaufen 


reg. 


lefen 


Uefeft, lieft 


las 


lafe 


gelefen 


ftcS 


Itegen 


reg. 


lag 


rage 


gelegen 


reg. 


marten 


reg. 


maljlte 


mafylte 


gemafylen 


reg. 


ntoflen 


ntagft, mag 


mod)te 


mocfyte 


gemodjt 


reg. 


miiffen 


muBt, mug 


nutate 


mu^te 


gemuBt 


reg. 


natifttfytti 


9* 

gefyt-nacf) 


ging-natf) 


ginge-nad) 


nadjgegangen 


gei)- 

nad) 


neljmeu 


nintmft, 
nintmt 


nafym 


natnne 


genommen 


uimm 


nennen 


reg. 


nannte 


ueuute 


genannt 


reg. 


preifen 


preifeft, 
preift 


pries 


priefe 


gepriefen 


reg. 


raten 


ratft, rat 


riet 


riete 


geraten 


reg. 


reiften 


retjjeft, rei&t 


rtB 


riffe 


geriffeu 


reg. 


reiten 


reg. 


ritt 


ritte 


geritten 


reg. 


rennen 


reg. 


rannte 


rannte 


gerannt 


reg. 


riedjen 


reg. 


XOd) 


rocfye 


gerodjen 


reg. 


tnfen 


reg. 


rief 


riefe 


gerufen 


reg. 


fdjeinen 


reg. 


fdjien 


fcfjienc 


gefdjienen 


reg. 


f^ieften 


fdjieffeft, 
fdjie&t 


ftf)OB 


fdjoffe 


gefdjoffen 


reg. 


frblafeu 


fd>lafft, 
Waft 


fd)lief 


fdjliefe 


gcfcrjlafcu 


reg. 







APPENDIX 




3 




2d & 3d Sing 


[. Preterite 






Infinitive 


Pres. Indic. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Past Part. 


IMPER 


fdjlaflctt 


fdjlagft, 

Wiagt 


Wn 


fcfjtiige 


gefc^rogen 


reg. 


fdjreiben 


reg. 


fcfjrieb 


fdjriebe 


gefcr)rtebert 


reg. 


fdjreiten 


reg. 


fcfjritt 


fdjritte 


gefcfjritten 


reg. 


I'djtoetaett 


reg. 


fcrjmieg 


fd)ttuege 


gefcf)tt)iegen 


reg. 


jdjtmmmen 


reg. 


fdjtDcmtm 


fdjtndmme 


gefcf)ft)ommen 


reg. 


fe^en 


jteljft, fteljt 


falj 


fd^e 


gefefyen 


fteD 


fcitt 


bin, bifi, ift 


to at 


ttdre 


getoefen 


fei 


flnflett 


reg 


fang 


fdnge 


ge fun gen 


reg. 


fH$en 


ftfteft, ftfet 


fag 


fafje 


gefeffen 


reg. 


fottmett 


reg. 


fpann 


f panne 


gefponnen 


reg. 


foremen 


ftrtdjft, 
fortdjt 


farad) 


fprddje 


gefprod)en 


\pn$ 


foriefectt 


reg. 


fprofc 


fproffe 


gefproffen 


reg. 


ftjrtttBett 


reg. 


fprang 


fprdnge 


gefprungen 


reg. 


jtefjett 


reg. 


ftanb 


ftdnbe 


geftanben 


reg. 


fieijlett 


ftie^tft, 
ftief)lt 


\t(W 


fiddle 


geftofylen 


ftief)! 


fteisen 


reg. 


ftieg 


ftiege 


geftiegen 


reg. 


fierbett 


fttrbft, ftirbt 


ftarb 


ftiirbe 


geftorben 


ftirb 


jtofeett 


ftdgefMtogt 


ftieg 


ftiege 


gefto&en 


reg. 


jireidjett 


reg. 


ftridj 


ftricr)e 


geftridjen 


reg. 


ffreitett 


reg. 


ftritt 


ftritte 


geftritten 


reg. 


tragen 


trdgft, trdgt 


trug 


tritge 


getragen 


reg. 


treffeu 


trtffft, trifft 


traf 


trdfe 


getroffen 


rriff 


treiften 


reg. 


trieb 


triebe 


getrieben 


reg. 


tretett 


trittft, tritt 


trat 


trdte 


getreten 


tritt 


ttinfcn 


reg. 


tran! 


trdnfe 


getrunfen 


reg. 


tun 


reg. 


tat 


tdte 


getan 


reg. 


uberttJte'Bett 


reg. 


iibertDog 


iiberrabge 


uberftjogen 


reg. 


unterfire c^en unterbridjft, 


unterbracf) unterbrddje 


unterbrodjen 


unter* 




unterbricf)t 








brid) 


utttcrttjcrfen 


untertturfft, 
unterttirft 


unterttmrf 


unterttmrfe 


untertoorfen 


unter* 
toirf 


uerfiintoen 


reg. 


tterbanb 


t)erbdnbe 


tierbunben 


reg. 


tiertortefeen 


tjerbrieffcft 

fcerbriefet 


tierbroB 


Derbroffe 


tjerbroffen 


reg. 


tjetfie^en 


reg. 


merging 


tierginge 


tiergangen 


reg. 


toergeffett 


tiergiffeft, 
t»ergtgt 


fcergaB 


tiergdge 


tiergeffen 


fcergtg 



38 



APPENDIX 



2d & 3d Sing. Preterite 
Infinitive Pres. Indic. Indic. Subj. 



Past Part. Imper. 



toerlterett 


reg. 


fcerlor 


fcerldre 


fcerforen 


tierliere 


Herraten 


uerrdtft, 
uerrdt 


fcerriet 


fcerriete 


tierraten 


reg. 


UerfdjtoetBett 


reg. 


t>erfcf)rt)ieg 


[ fcerfcfjttnege 


t>erfd)ttriegen 


reg. 


tjerjdjtmnbett 


reg. 


fcerftfjmanb fcerfrf)tt)dnbe 


toerfd)ttmnben 


reg. 


toerftiredjen 


i)erfprid)ft, 
fcerfpridjt 


fcerfprarf) 


t)erfprdd)e 


toerfarodjen 


tier* 
ftmdj 


Ucrtreten 


bertrittft, 
Dertritt 


fcertrat 


tartrate 


fcertreten 


Dertrttt 


toerjetfjett 


reg. 


t»er§ief) 


toer^iefye 


t)er^ie!^en 


reg. 


Uor'fjirmBett 


reg. 


fprang-toor fprdnge-fcor 


toorgefprungenreg. 


tpaf(^ett 


todftf)t 


trxtfd) 


ttmfcfye 


gettmfdjen 


reg. 


toertett 


ttrirft, roirb 


ttmrbe 
(ftmrb) 


ruiirbe 


getoorben 


reg. 


toerfen 


fcirfft, toirft 


ttmrf 


ttjurfc 


getuorfen 


roirf 


miegen 


reg. 


tuog 


tooge 


getoogen 


reg. 


toiffeit 


toeifjt, toetfj 


ttmgte 


ttmjste 


gettmfjt 


reg. 


ttjottett 


luittft, tuitt 


reg 


reg. 


reg. 


reg. 


jerfcredjen 


§erbricf)ft, 
gerbrid)t 


gerbrarf) 


§erbrdcf)e 


&er&rodjen 


^erbridj 


jteljett 


reg. 


809 


S^ge 


ge^ogen 


reg. 


jttfelcn 


ftem 

fte^t-su 


faH« 


fa&e-ju 


pgefetyen 


fieHn 



APPENDIX 39 

SYNTAX 
90 THE SEXTEXCE— ORDER 

I. Normal-Suhj. Verb Adjuncts. Obj. { ^dependent clauses be- 

I ginning with subject. 
i Question. 
II. Inverted — Y. S, Adjuncts. O. \ Independent clauses not begin- 

( ning with subject. 
III. Transposed — S. Adjuncts. O. Y. — Dependent clauses. 

Examples 

I. Sr Heft iefet t>a* 33urf). (Sr (jat je|t ba* Sgucfj gelefen. 
II. ge|t Heft er bat SBitdj, g)ttt er jefct has SBnd) gelefen? 
III. jgcfi fefje, baft er je|t bets 23ud) Heft. Qd) ferje, baft er jefet ba£ 
SBucft gelefen f)at. 

It is only the inflected part of the verb that changes its position 

MINOR RULES 

9 1 Of a number of adjuncts the most important comes last. Hence : 

92 The infinitive, participial, or adverbial complement always 

comes last in the sentence : 

©r trill na&) §aufe gefjett. 
Crr if! nacfi fiaufe gegangen. 
Sr fdildgt ba§ SBitcf) aitf. 

93 An infinitive phrase (with gu), together with its adjuncts, 

comes last: 
Gsr ging cnte, um ba§ jit fe^en. 
3d) bacfite, bafj er an§gegangen fei, urn ba3 jit Jeljett. 

94 The negative adverbs ntrfjt, Utt, nittttal* come last, unless the 

negation applies to one especial word, in which case the 
negative adverb immediately precedes it. Ex. — (Sin ebler 
Sftcmn bergtfjt feitt Satertctnb itidjt (A noble man does not for- 
get his fatherland). But : ©in ebler 9ft aim bergifjt aUe%, nut 
ntd)t fein Setter fanb (A noble man may forget everything, but 
he never forgets his fatherland). 

95 An adverb of time precedes all others: 

©r gef)t fjente morgen langfam gnr Stfjnre. 



40 APPENDIX 

96 A pronoun precedes a noun object. ($3 and ftd) precede all 

others. When both objects are nouns, the indirect usually 
comes first. 
®r giebt c§ bctn 5Rcmtt. 
(Sr frill ftdj hem Sftamte nidjt an&ertraucn. 
@r toiH bem Sftanne ia§ ©efjeimnig nidjt antjertrcmen. 
When both are pronouns, the direct takes precedence : (Sr giebt 

tJjtt una. 

97 Adjectives — As a rule adjectives precede the nouns they mod- 

ify. If the adjective itself has adjuncts, it is preceded by 
them. 
Ex.— 2)er §ntt ®nabe. 

®er feljr flute ®nabe* 

£er tjott feutet ©hitter gefrfjoltene ®nabe. 

Ser mit lauter Stimme ciit ^eilisc^ fiieb fhtflenbe 9ftartt)rer. 

98 An adjective word, phrase, or clause may follow its noun, 

especially in elevated diction : 

$ie junge gran, fdjito mtb liekuStmirtufl* Uiie ein (Sttflel, erfefjien an 
ber Xpr. 

$er (Sanger mit ben toeifeeu 2o<fen, ergriff Me §arfe. 
2)er ®dmg, ber lange gejdjttrieflett ()atte, fing an §u reben. 

*The adj. in this position, like the predicate adj., is not inflected. 



Only the modifiers of the noun may intervene between subject and 
b in normal and inverted order. Thus for 1 
saw him, we must say: Sie Ijat tfyn ttte gefefyen* 



verb in normal and inverted order. Thus for the English : She never 



USE OF AKTICLE 
Definite 

99 As in English, the definite article is used to individualize. 
I 00 Deviations from English — 

1. generic — With abstractions, verbal nouns, and nouns of mate- 
rial, where the English omits the article, the German 
inserts it. £a3 Seben ift tier ©liter fydrfjjteS nidjt (Life 
is not the greatest of blessings). £u§ ©efyen ift Mr 
gefnnb (Walking is good for you). 2a3 gifen ift ba§ 
mi$lidf)fte SKetaH (Iron is the most useful of metals). 
In all these cases the noun is generalized by its article, i. e., the 
particular noun stands for the entire class. 



APPENDIX 41 

2. class, occupation, natioxality — Here the article is omitted 

when the noun represents an abstract idea rather 
than a particular individuality. Ex.—&x tft ^(r 6 titer 
(He is a workman), ©r ttrirb 2tqt (He will become a 
physician). Qcf) bin 9lmerif Utter (I am an American). 

3. with proper nouns— (a) Familiarly : gettttft bit ben 2ett? $d) 

fe^e ben Sari. 
(6) With a preceding adjective: bet junge ©oetrje. 

(c) Names of countries are usually not preceded by the 
article, Gnglanb, Seutfdjlanb, but those ending in et 
always take it, as: bie Jiirfci, bte Xctrtctrei; also bie 
(Scrjtnei§, bie $fa%, bie 9ftebcrlanbe. 

(d) Names of rivers, mountains, and seas take the article : 
ber jRfjein, bie Sonau, bcr gelbberg, bie Cftfee. 

4. instead OF possessive — When the relation is very clear, ©r 

uimmt ttn §ut tioitt ftojlfe (He takes his hat from 
his head). 

5. distributive — Where in English we use the indefinite. ^ct§ 

Sattb foftct fnmbert Scaler bett gttft (The land costs one 
hundred dollars a foot). 

J O I There are many deviations which can not be classified. Certain 

phrases have become stereotyped : 

it ad) Sftotben, Siiben, etc. = towards the north, south, etc. 
naif) §au3 = home nad) bent §au£ = to the house 
^u §au§ = at home ftit bem £>aus = toward the house 
golgenbei = the following 

With <&ad), ©runb, Urfatfje, etc., the article is often omitted. 

j 02 Contractions — The dative and accusative cases of the definite 
article are often contracted with a preceding preposition 
so as to form one word. No apostrophe is used. Ex. : 
iiber bct£ Qctrjt = liber* 3aljt unter ba§ §au3 = unterS §au§ 

p ber ©djttie = 5111 (gdnile tit ba* (Sebttge = ins ©ebfrge 

in bem ©ebtrge = im ©ebirge bet bem $ater = beim better 

1 03 This contraction takes place very frequently in familiar lan- 
guage, but can not be used when the noun is particularized by a fol- 
lowing clause or phrase. Ex. : 

(gr gerjt §ur birdie, but, @r gefjt §tt ber £ttrcfte, $n ber audi fein Skater ging. 
(£r lebt im ©ebirge, but, ©r lebt in bem ©ebirge, ba* man con tjier fe^en fann. 

1 04 Where several nouns in the same construction follow each 
other, the article must be repeated before each : The father and mother 
were at home = £er better tmb bie SDhttter roaren §u §aufe* 



42 APPENDIX 

NOUNS 

Syntax of Cases 

GENERAL 

105 Appositives— Nouns in apposition with otner nouns or pro- 
nouns are in the same case. They may stand without connecting 
particle or with the particle aU or tote. 

Er tritt aU Elager auf. 

©r fteljt t(pt ate feineit $einb an. 

©r ijat ben ©eneral, ben erften 9Namt be§ Sanbeg gefeqen. 

NOMINATIVE 

1 06 I. Subject (and vocative) — as in English. 

1 07 II. Predicate Noun-— with or without aU. 

1 08 HI. Absolute. 

II. Predicate Noun 

109 After the verbs geltett (to be valued at), erfdjeittett (appear), 
Jjertiorgeljett, auffteljen, leben, fierben, fte^eu, the participles angeftettt 

(placed), fcerufeu (called), etfliirt (explained), iw£gegebett (declared), 
befuuben (found), gefiiljlt (felt), erfamtt (recognized), gefitrdjtet (feared), 

begefjrt (desired) (i.e., verbs which are synonymous with to be in a 
wider sense), we use the predicate nominative with the inter- 
medial particle al$. 

Ex.— ®ef)t Q^r nxdjt rrfg erne SiJuight ijertoor? 

©r tear al* rettcnbcr (Jngel erfdjienen. 

£er SBauer fotmte al* idjiiner Mann gotten, 

| 10 After the verbs jem, foetbett (become), bleibeit (remain), |djets 

nen (seem), bimfeit (imagine), Ijetfeen (to be called), gejdjimtift ttierbeu 

(to be called in a bad sense), in fact, after all verbs denoting condi- 
tion, the predicate nominative is used ivithout the intervening particle. 
Ex.—ISv ift cm guter 3Ramt geblteben. 

©r totrb em argcr Sijjetoidjt gefrfjintpft. 

28ittj)elm toon ber Sftormanbie tuirb ber (frobcrer genamtt. 

©3 ift nid)t jebem gegeben, tin grower ptii %u fein. 

The English construction after to be elected, nominated, created, 
etc. , appears in German in the form of a prepositional phrase : 
§u + dative. Ex.— He is elected president = ©r ttnrb %nm ^Sriiftuente;: 
erttiafylt. 



APPENDIX 43 

The same is true after the active form of these verbs. Ex. — They 
nominate him mayor = (5ie cruennen ii)it jUttl Sitrflermcifier. 

The predicate after UiertJeu may also be expressed with $u and the 
dative — Seiber ift bit bie Seimat gut Jftnu&£ gettorben, instead of: ^ie 
©eimat ift bie grembe gettorbcrt. This is especially the case when toertiett 
expresses a complete change in substance as in the above example. 

The English, "I consider him to be a good man," where man 
would agree with him in the objective case, is expressed in German by 
means of a preposition, fitr — Qcf) petite tfjn fitr eittett ptett SRatltt. 

I | | III. Absolute 

The Nominative Absolute is not very frequent in German. It is 
used mainly for vivid description. 

Ex.— S)ie Slrmee 509 ilber bie Sritcfen, afte ©eftdjter biifter, jeber 9Jhmb 
tjerfdjlofjen. — £ie ($rafm gutg jurud, in iijren Slugett (tefcerfjafter @lan$. 
In all these cases some part of the verb to be may be supplied. 

I 12 GENITIVE 

I. Attributive — modifying nouns. 

II. Partitive — denoting the whole from which a part is taken. 

III. Objective — after verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions. 

IV r . Adverbial— used instead of an adverb. 

Y. Appositional — with another genitive. 

I. Attributive (expressed in English by of). 

J 13 A genitive is attributive if it modifies a noun. It may then 
express a variety of relations ■ 

I 1 4 possession — 3)te §eimat iie* $ittbe£ wax unbefannt. — £a§ 
©cib ifi bc§ gatjer*. 

I 1 5 identity— Xa§ Safter be* Snmfel. 

(Proper nouns are placed in apposition, instead of in the genitive: 
ber attentat 9tyril, bie Stabt $ari*). 

I 16 quality or material — £er Situlett ©lcm$ (for bie glcit^ettben 
©attlen). — (gin beefier efclett ©cities 

M7 AS OBJECT OR SUBJECT OF THE ACTION IMPLIED IN A VERBAL 

noun— 3)te Settling tier (?rbe, bie Siebe Qdottz$, bie gurd^t 
be* Soiled. 



44 APPENDIX 

I I 8 Instead of the genitive we may use Dott + dative in certain 
cases : 

(a) To avoid ambiguity where no article can be used and where 
no inflection of the noun designates the case: Ex. — ^)ie 
©trctgen toon Sonbon, bie SBeforgung toon $eftf)aften (but, bie 
SScforgung member ^5efcf)dfte)* 

(b) In the designation of ranks and titles: Ex. — S)er Sonig fcon 
©ctd^en* 

(c) To avoid a series of genitives: Ex. — 3)er Qafyregtag Don (Sfyafe* 
tyearS Sob (not beg £obe3 ©$afefpear§). 

I | 9 The relationship as expressed by UOtt + dative is less close 
than that of the genitive. $eut) d)(fttti)$ Eatfet indicates a unity of 
interest, while ber ^atfet Hon $euttdj(fUltt merely expresses the title. 

II. Partitive 

1 20 Denoting the whole, from which a part is taken. 

(a) After numbers — ,3tt>ei bet Solbatett 

(b) After adjectives denoting quantity (usually plural) — fciele, 
tncmdje, fetn, etftdje, gemtg. 

Ex.—®eine$ ber jthtber tyatte e§ ge^ort 
(gtlicfje ber 3Wdnner fcttnen gelaufen. 
These adjectives may be followed by the noun in the same case, as: 
®ein Sinb rjatte eZ gefjort ©tlicfje banner lamen geiaufen. 

(c) After any substantive adjective, especially in comparative 
and superlative degree. 

®te gliicfltcfjfte ber ^mtgfrauett. 

$er Siege gottltdjfter tfi ba% SSergeffen. 

III. Objective 

121 1. After verbs. — Certain verbs take the genitive as a direct 

object. These verbs originally represented the action as 
affecting not the ivhole but only a part of the object. 
Ex.— ©r tran! ben 28em == He drank the wine (all of it). @r 
tron! be§ $8eine§ = He drank of the wine (some of it). This 
use of the genitive is decreasing and is found most fre- 
quently in elevated discourse, poetry, etc. In ordinary 
speech it is often superseded by the dative or accusative, 
used directly after the verb or with a preposition. Follow- 
ing is a list of verbs that frequently govern the genitive, 
together with permissible substitutions. 



APPENDIX 45 

122 Representative Verbs with Genitive as Sole Object 
adf)ten=lieed (auf, ace.) gebenfett=think 

beburfcn=need (ace.) genefen=give birth to 

bcgef)ren=desire (ace.) f) art ert= wait (auf, ace.) 

brctud)en=need (ace.) ladjett=laugh (xiber, ace.) 

benfen=think (cm, ace.) fcbonen=spare (ace) 

• entbef)ren=lack (ace.) fpotten=mock (uber, ace.) 

erttm§nen=mention (ace.) t)ergeffen=forget (ace.) 

fro[)Ioc!en=exult (fiber, ace.) toaltett=rule (liber, ace.) 

toarteit=wait (auf, ace.) 
Ex. — (Bpotte fetltet nicf)t (Do not make sport of him). 
©ebenfe mcitt (Think of me). 

{ 23 Genitive as Secondary Object 

A number of verbs are followed by the accusative of the person 
and the genitive of the thing. Such are : 

(a) Verbs denoting separation or deprivation, as: 
berauben=rob entlafleit=relieve 
entf)ebcu=deprive or relieve entfebigen=exempt 
entffetbett=divest entfe£en=dispossess 
entlafjen=dismiss {au%, dat.) &ertoeifen=banish (au§, dat.) 

Ex.— ^er Serif er entfyob ben (general feitte£ "Mintc*. 

The emperor deprived the general of his position. 

(b) Verbs denoting accusation, acquittal, etc., as 

cntflctgen beftfntlbtgen bejicbtigen freifprecben 
iiberfufjren ubertoeifen geiijen 
2&c. — ®cr Diiditer beftfutfbigte ben SDtafdjeit be* £tc6ftalji3. 
The judge accused the man of theft. 

124 Some reflexives take the genitive as secondary object, as: 
ftdi bemdebtigen = to get possession of 
fid] bebieneit = to make use of 
ficb entfinnen = to recollect 
fief) erhmern = to remember 
fid) ertoefjren = to keep from 
fid) berfetjen = to expect 

Ex.— gr bemadjtigte fid) be* Sittbe*. 

He got possession of the child. 

©r Eottnte ficb ber iibertitadjt ntdjt erttje^rcn* 
He could not resist the superior power. 



46 APPENDIX 

125 2. After adjectives. — Adjectives which express power, knowl- 
edge, plenty, capacity, and their opposites, govern the 
genitive, as: 

Bar = bare lebtg == free 

bebitrftig = in need madjtig — able to control 

bettmgt = conscious mitbe = tired 

blofj = bare quitt = done 

eingebenf = mindful fait = sated 

frei = free fdntlbig = guilty 

\xofy = glad ftdjer = certain 

gebenf = mindful t)oH = full 

gerodrtig = expectant toert = worth 

gemig = certain ttmrbig = worthy 

S 26 3. After prepositions. — Certain prepositions always govern 
the genitive. These are : 

(a) Old noun forms which have acquired a prepositional force — 
cmftatt = instead of imterljalb = beneath 
bie§fett(3) = on this side of urn toiHen \ 

itifolge = in consequence of toegen [ for the sake of 

jenfeit(§) = on that side of fyalhex ) 

oberfyctfb = above fcermittelft = by means of 

feiten§ = on the part of fcermoge = by means of 

tro| = in spite of §uf o(ge = in consequence of 

(b) Old participles which have acquired a prepositional force — 

unbefrfjabet = in spite of 
imgearfjtet = notwithstanding 
toctfyrenb = during 

(c) Old adjectives— unfern = not far, untoeit = not far. 

This use of the genitive is growing less frequent in spoken Ger- 
man. Phrases in which a preposition governs the dative or accusa- 
tive are frequently substituted. 

Ex.— Untoett be* £orfe» = ntdjt tueit uon bem Jorfe. 

1 27 IV. Adverbial Genitive (used mainly in poetry). 

The Adverbial Genitive is used like any adverb to express : 

(a) place— Qfe&t ger)e jeber fettled 2Bege» (Let everyone now go 
his way), ^as ift be* fiattbc* nicfyt ber 83raud) (That 
is not customary in this land). 



APPENDIX 47 

128 (b) time— (Indefinite) 2a$e* Arbeit, 5(6etti)* G5dfte (during the 

daytime, work; at night, guests). (Sine* fdjonen 

%a$e% (on a beautiful day). 
For definite time the accusative is used : biefeu $lfcenb giltg er cm§. 
Instead of either, conversational German employs the preposition an 
with the dative: am £age, an btefem 2(J3enb- 

129 (c) manner— 9£adj Urt faijr'idj fteljettbett Jfufte* (I shall proceed 

to Uri at once). 3d) f a 9 e e ^ Ctflf* dtttfie* (I say it 

in all earnestness). 

(d) cause— hungers fterbetl (to die of hunger). 
Related to the adverbial is the exclamatory genitive: D t)C§ 
mtQlitcfU^ett Sage?! We may substitute: ber ungfudlidie Xag! or itber 
ben ungludlidjen £ag! 

J 30 DATIVE 

The main use of the dative is that of the indirect object. This 
must be regarded in a rather wide sense, in which the dative is used 
to represent the person or object towards whom or which the action 
is directed, or from whom or which it is removed. Hence the dative 
can be used with : 

I. Verts 
II. Adjectives (Participles and Adverbs) 
III. Prepositions 

131 I. With Verbs 

1. immediate object — certain verbs which in English take accu- 

sative (many impersonals and reflexives). 

2. indirect object — designates for whom the action is done. 

3. interest — designates the person for whose advantage some- 

thing is done. 

4. ethical — person whose feelings are concerned in the action. 

5. possessive — showing a very close relationship. 

1 32 i. immediate object 

Certain classes of verbs which in English take the direct object, 
in German govern the dative. The Germans recognize by this use 
a distinction between the action which affects the object as directly 
as in the sentence id) frfjluge Mrfj, and that which represents an 
approach or a feeling towards it, as: id] uitfjere mid) Sit and id) fcaufe 
bit. The verbs that govern the dative directly, express: 



48 APPENDIX 

133 Approach or Departure: as auStoetdjen (avoid), begegnen 

(meet), fefjlen (lack), folgen (follow or obey), nctdjgeben 
(yield), natjen (approach). 

Ex.— (£r ttrid) betit gentile au§. 

He avoided the enemy. 
@§ fefylt mir an bent Sftdttgften. 

I am in lack of the most necessary things. 
S)ie Gutter giebt hem Sittbe §u fe^r nadj.. 

The mother yields to the child too much. 

134 Similarity or Identity: gteidjen, afyneln, or a^ttXid^ feljen (to 

resemble), entered) en (to correspond). 

Ex.— @r afynelt jeitter SKutter, or ex jte^t feiner Gutter ainilitf). 
He resembles his mother. 
£a§ entftmdjt mdjt btn Xatfadjen. 
That does not correspond to the facts. 
§u gletdjft hem ©eift, ben bu begreifft, nicfjt mir. 
You resemble the spirit that you comprehend, not me. 

135 Appurtenance: cmgefyoren and gepren (belong), gebiifyren (to 

be owing to), ge^iemen (to be proper), itberlaffen (to leave to), 
pfommen (to be due to). 

J57a?. — ®iefe gfjre gebiifyrt i(jm nidjt 

This honor does not befit him. 
$a§ itberlaffen toix Jsetnem ©utadjten. 

We leave that to your judgment, 
liefer iRang f ommt mir nidjt %u. 

I am not entitled to this rank. 

136 Inclination or Repulsion: befyagen (to suit), gefaKen (to 

please), lutlbigen (to pay homage to), toiberftefyen (to resist), 
pmen (to rage at), ftufctgen (to suit). 

Ex.— Sa£ ^Setter gefdEt mir gar mcfyt. 

The weather does not please me at all. 
©ie ^ulbigen fcer tonight. 

They pay homage to the queen. 
Sa3 £au§ fagt mir ju. 

The house suits me. 

I3 # 7 utility and its Opposite: beifiefjen (assist), bienen (serve), 
gelingen (succeed), tyelfen (help), fdjaben (injure), Unrest tun 
(do wrong). 



APPENDIX 49 

Ex.— gin guter 9ftenfdj fteijt ben Strmen bet. 
A good man succors the poor. 

QaZ fdjtocre SBcrf ift ifjm gelungen. 
He succeeded in the difficult task. 

Wan foil fehtett 9iac^ften nidjt Unredjt tun* 
One ought not to wrong one's neighbors. 

1 38 An Attitude of Receptivity and Obedience (and the opposite): 

folgen, getyordjen, laufdjen, ^u'fyoren, hex' ftimmen, ban!en, ttnber* 
fore'djen. 

Ex.— ®inber follert bett ©Item get)orcf)en* 

Children should obey their parents. 

S)ie Qufyorer i)aben hem 9tebuer beigefttmmt. 
The audience agreed with the speaker. 

g§ ift imljoflttf), ttlteren geutett ^u tmberfpredjen. 
It is impolite to contradict older people. 

139 Impersonate with the Dative 

e3 ctljnt mir = I have a presentiment 

e£ ef elt mir = I am disgusted 

e3 bangt mir = I am anxious 

e§ befyagt mir = It suits me 

e£ beliebt mir = It suits me 

e§> grant mir = I have a horror of 

e§ liegt mir an = I care 

e§ fd)tt)inbelt mir = I am dizzy 

e3 fd^eint mir = It seems to me 

e§ tnt mir leib = I am sorry 

e£ tut mir toefj = It hurts me 

140 After Reflexive Yerus 

Some reflexive verbs take the dative as secondary object 
ftrfj ergeben = to submit 
fief) fiigen = to yield 
ftdj nafyern = to approach 
fid) toiberfefcen = to resist 

Ex.— gr fiigt fidt) uteiner ftnorimung. 

He yields to my arrangements. 

Sie totberfefet ficf> fehtem SefeJJ. 

She resists his command. 



50 APPENDIX 

|4| 2. INDIRECT OBJECT 

The indirect object shows to or for whom the action is performed. 
It is found after the verbs of giving, communicating, showing, com- 
manding, taking, etc. 

Ex. — $d) gefre bit baz 23ud) (I give you the book). Gr er^afjlt ifjm 
bie ©efdjtdjte (He tells him the story), ©r nafptt tfjm fcitl le£te§ ©lit (He 
took his last possession from him). ,Qcf) getge ttjm ben red) ten SSeg (I 
show him the right way). 6r gebot if)Ht }it fcf)tt)eigen (He commanded 
him to be silent. 

Sometimes the dative expresses the object of the prefix of the 
verb — Qd) lege bets ©eib bent 23riefe bet (I enclose the money in the 
letter). Here bent SBriefe is the object of be: and ©elb is the object of 
the entire verb. 

| 42 3. INTEREST OR ADVANTAGE 

23ie ger^t e§ gljttttt? (How are you ? How goes the world for you ?) 
Wit iff a 11 e e eins (It is ail one to me). 3fd) beforge ifjm biefeS ©efcf)dft 

(I attend to this business for him). 9)Ur gefd)iet)t redit (It serves me 
right); and many of the impersonals mentioned in section 139;* 

I 43 4. ETHICAL DATIVE 

This dative is very difficult to translate. It represents the person 
whose mental interest in the action is solicited. Ex. — 'D2eu Sfyfel fdjiefjt 
ber Setter Sir com SSaum (Father will shoot an apple off the tree, if you 
want him to). SDfadjt mix mn; feme foldien @efd)iti)ten meljr (Don't, I beg 
of you, perform any more such tricks; . 

I 44 5. POSSESSIVE DATIVE 

In speaking of parts of the body, or of anything very closely 
related to the person, as honor, life, home, friends, etc., we often use 
the definite article instead of the possessive pronoun and express the 
idea of appurtenance by the dative of the personal pronoun. 

Ex. — S)cr SBtltb Mtift bit bett &\lt bom fiopf (The wind is blowing 
your hat from your head). SBafdie bit btC J>ihtbe (Wash your hands). 

1 45 II. With Adjectives 

Adjectives (participles and adverbs) govern the dative in cases 
where the meaning is similar to the verbs (cf. 133 to 138) that gov- 
ern the dative, i.e., approach, similarity, inclination, utility, obedience, 
and their opposites: nafje (near), feme (far), afmlitf) (similar), tjoih and 
gut (kindly disposed), migltdj (useful], gefjoricun (obedient). 

Ex.—&n Sfttibdjew in ber SSurg ijt tnir (jolb [or gut] (A maid of the 
castle is fond of me). 



APPENDIX 51 

■ III. With Prepositions 

1 46 Certain prepositions always govern the dative. 
ah = away from nad) = after 
aug = out of natfjft = next to 
auger = outside of (except) nebjt == besides 

hex = near or with f amt = together with 

binnen = within feit = since 

entgegen = towards t)on = from 

gegeniiber = opposite §u = to 

mit = with pftnber = against 

1 47 Prepositions which denote either position or transition govern 

the dative when the verb does not express motion towards 
the object, i.e., when the phrase answers the question ttJO ? 
These prepositions are : 
an = at neben = beside 

aitf = upon iiber = over 

Winter = behind imter = under 

in = in fcor = before 

gttrifdjen = between 
Ex.— Ace. ©r geljt an ben Xifdj (He goes up to the table). 
Dat. (£r \tel)t an foem Sijcf) (He stands at the table). 

I 48 ACCUSATIVE 

I. Direct Object of Transitive Verb (many impersonals and 
reflexives). 

( (a) Two Nouns ; 
II. Double Accusative < (b) Factitive; 

( (c) Noun and Infinitive 

III. Cognate Accusative (intransitive verb). 

IV. Adverbial. 
V. Absolute. 

VI. With Prepositions. 

I. Direct Object 

1 49 Transitive verbs take the direct object in the accusative 
case — (£r fdjiefet feett Soltmiett. 

I 50 Verbs that are intransitive ir their simple form are some- 
times made transitive by a prefix which limits or directs 
the meaning — gdj antttJorte bit auf bie grage; id) fieattt* 
toorte bit grage. 3d) banle bit; id) fiebanfe mid) bei Mr. $d) 
folfle bem 9fat; id) fcefolfle ben s Jfat. 



52 APPENDIX 

I 5 I Certain impersonate (mostly representing a physical state) 

take the accusative. 

es biinft mid) (also c§ biinft mir) I think 

e£ biirftet mid) I am thirsty 

c§ elett mid) an (but e£ efclt mir bafcor) I am disgusted 
e£ frtert mid) I am cold 

es fyungert mid) I am hungry 

e§ fdjlafert mid) I am sleepy 

In many of these, the e* is often omitted and the accusative placed 

first, as though it were the subject, i.e., mid) fyungert, biirftet, fcfylafert, 

etc. 

I 52 Reflexive verbs take the direct object in the accusative. 

3d) fd)time mid) I am ashamed 

3d) freue mtcf) I rejoice 

Qd) fitrcfyte mtrf) I am afraid 

3d) erinnere irtictl I remember 

3d) fefyne tmd) I long 

3d) beftnne mid) I recollect 

II. Double Accusative 

I 53 Some verbs take tivo accusatives, the person affected and the 
thing produced. 

154 (a) The second object may be a noun, or pronoun, as: Sefyre 
bie Srfjiiler bie toafjre 28ei*fyeit. 3d) frage es bid). 

I 55 {o) When the object is the result of the action, it is called 
factitive, i.e., ®r nennt Ujtt cinett bummen Sttngen. Verbs 
which take this construction are: nennen, fyetgen (to call), 
fcfyintpfen, fcfyelten, taufen. 

I 56 (c) The secondary object may be an infinitive (without Jtt). 
3d) pre iljn ftttgttt. Verbs capable of this construction are: 
fyoren, fefyen, ftnben, lefyren, ternen, fyetjgen (to command), laffen* 

III. Cognate Accusative 

| 57 Intransitive verbs may have an object that expresses the idea of 

the action in the form of the noun. Sometimes the two are formed 

from the same root: @r trdumt einen fcfyoncn Jroum. 

@r lc6t ein gottlicfyes 8eben. 

Sometimes merely synonymous in meaning: 

©r ftirbt einen fcfyonen Xob. 



APPENDIX 53 

r TIME 

IV. Adverbial Accusative < measure 

( DISTRIBUTION 

I 58 Like the genitive, the accusative may express certain adverbial 
relations. 

1 59 time— The accusative expresses a definite time, as biefett 

5l6entJ tvax ex aitsgegcmgen; or duration of time, as bett gem* 
$ett 2ag blieb ex §u §anfe. [Note that the genitive expresses 

indefinite or habitual time; cf. 128 (b).] 

1 60 place— ©e^e betnen 2Beg, ben ^tittf ijtnab. 

f 6 i measure— After certain adjectives that express size, weight, 
or quantity, the accusative is used to designate the amount, 

i.e., ®a3 &tiit<f)cit tft ehteit 3off §°fy &* ^tegt ^ei $futtb. 
£a* geer tft taufenb Sttatm ftar!,* 

1 62 distribution— @g foftet fiinf Safer belt 9Jieter. 

*In the accusative of measure the noun is used without inflection, giving the 
appearance of the singular form— 4 ^fllltb ftaffec, 7 3°^ ^°^' 3 Tltfceitb. 
In the neuter nouns this is the old form of the plural, the masculines and femi- 
nines follow by analogy. 

V. Absolute Accusative 

I 63 More frequently than the nominative the accusative is used 
without grammatical connection, for the purpose of vivid description, 

Kr gtng f)mau§, belt 8oJ)f fyod) erf)oben. 

YI. With Prepositions 

| 64 Certain prepositions always govern the accusative. They are: 
btttdj (through), um (around), ofjnc (without). bi3 (until), fur (for), gegen 
(against), briber (against). Prepositions denoting both position and 
transition govern the accusative when motion towards an object is 
implied (cf. 117). 

A j 2Bof)iu tft ex gegcmgen?= Where did he go? 

I Gr ift ht bet* £>an* gegangen=He went into the house. 

n j 2Bo tft ex getoef en ?= Where has he been? 

I &x tft in km f>auje gett>efen=He has been in the house. 



54 APPENDIX 

PKOXOUNS 

Personal 

1 65 use of bu and <£ie 

^U is the natural form of address and is used whenever no con- 
ventional restraints are felt, as is the case when we address animals, 
children, members of the family, or very intimate friends, and in 
prayer. <gte (really third person plural) is used in all conventional 
conversation, both in singular and plural. 

Ex.— $£axl, gteb mir iietn SSudj! @ott, ttrir bcmfen Sir fur beine 
®nabe! 

(Sjeben Sie mir Qi)re Jpanb! Segen Sie alle $fyxe Silver nieber! 

1 66 Demonstrative 

The demonstrative pronoun is often used in German where, in 
English, we would employ the personal.— $d) f e ^ e Sari, tier !ommt gerabe 
recfjt (I see Charles, he is just in time). The demonstrative pronoun 
produces greater stress and emphasizes the relation to the preceding 
word. The only difference between a demonstrative clause, such as 
the above, and the relative clause is in the order of words, which, 
however, changes the emphasis : Qd) fe^c Sari, ber gerabe red)t fommt 
(I see Charles, who is just in time). This is much less emphatic. 

I 67 The demonstrative biefet is used for the latter, and jenet for 

the former. 

Ex. — 9ftarie unb tfyre Gutter ftrtb im ©artert, biefe mit IRaljen, jene 

nut Spielen 6efcf}dftigt (Mary and her mother are in the garden, 
the latter busied with sewing, the former with playing. ) 
Occasionally, to avoid ambiguity, the demonstratives berfeibe, ber* 
jenige are used. Ex. — QaZ 33utf) liegt in ber £abe, ber %tdd besfelben ift 
aufgefd)iagen. But this somewhat stilted form is usually avoided. 

1 68 Relative 

The relatives bet and ftjel^et do not differ in meaning. £et 
is used more frequently; good writers use UJCtlf)er to avoid a weari- 
some repetition of ber. Ex.— £ie, tpelc^e id) gefefjen, instead of Me, Me 
id) gefefyen, although the latter also is often used. The genitive of 
toeldjer, ti)ettf)e3, is not used relatively, except in comparatively rare 
cases in which the pronoun is used adjectively, as: 2Belrf)e3 %Jtanne% 
©oljn er aud) fei (No matter whose son he be). But here the word may 
be considered as interrogative. For the relative toelsfje£ we now 
substitute bejjeit (tjie genitive of Set). 3>er 9Kcmu, beffett Sotyn ©ie 
fermen (The man whose son you know). 

1 69 2Ser and um£ AS relatives 

The indefinite ftier is used as a relative in the following cases: 
(a) When it includes both antecedent and relative: 2Ber nid)t Ijoren 

mill, mufj fitfjlert (Whoever will not obey, must surfer). 
(6) Indirect question: Qd) twig nid)t, met e§ ift. 



APPENDIX 55 

I 70 The indefinite ti)Ct§ may be used (instead of ba*) after afie*, 
ttidjt3, ettoaS, ba*, and the indefinite adjectives, atfertet, tJteterlei, 
maitdjerlet, and any other neuter adjective used indefinitely ; as, ba§ 
<§utt, ba3 Sefte, etc. 

Ex.—We$, &m§ id) l)abt, ftetyt Mr $ur SSerfiigung. 
All that I have is at your disposal. 
£a§ Sefte, tua§ er tun farm, iff ait^utoanbern. 
The best thing he can do is to emigrate. 

Pronouns with Prepositions 

\ 7 I When demonstratives and relatives as objects of prepositions 
refer to animals or things, they are usually compounded with the 
preposition, the pronouns being reduced to btt(t),* tt)C(r),* respectively. 

Demonstrative babei, bavin, babnxd), baneben, etc. 

Relative motion, ttobet, tvobnxd), tooran, toorin, etc, 

Ex.— (gr Ijatte §toet ^ferbe, motion baZ eine fdjroarj, ba$ anbere rneig mar, 

* The t is inserted to keep two vowels apart. 

I 72 2a may point forward to a following clause or phrase: 
(£r ttmrb babnrd) beleibigt, bag itjn nientanb bemerfte. 
He was offended at nobody's noticing him. 

@§ tag ifym nid)t§> baran, etina§ jit berbteuen. 
I 73 Sattttt may be either the compound (demonstr. + titit) or a 
conjunction introducing a clause of purpose. 

©r v)at ba§ @elb; batnit faint man tnele§ anfangen. 

He has money ; with it one can do much. 
Gsr oerbient ba§ @elb, bamit er ettt)a§ anfangen fann. 
He earns money in order to be able to accomplish something. 
I 74 2ft and too are also contracted with the adverbs Ijttt (thither) 
and (jet (hither) to form demonstrative and relative compounds. 
These compounds may be used as subordinate conjunctions. 
gt gef)t bftfjht, toofjer feme $orfal)ren gefommen ftnb. 
He goes to the place whence his ancestors came. 
28o bn bift, baljin ftntl id) and) ge^en. 
Where you are, thither will I go also, 
I 75 The prepositions ljal6 and fojegett are compounded with the 
genitives of the demonstrative and relative pronoun, forming besfjftlS, 
be^foegett, toe£!ja{&, toe^fciegett, which are used as causative conjunctions. 
(kx to ax Itant, be^a!6 blieb er $u §anfe. 

He was sick, therefore he stayed at home, 
©r mar franf, toenail) er §n §aufe blieb. 
He was sick, for which reason he stayed at home. 

LofC. 



56 APPENDIX 

VERBS 
Mode 

indicative — Statement of fact. 

SUBJUNCTIVE ) 04. 4. 4 e -i.- 

conditional \ statement of a supposition. 

imperative— Command. 

infinitive — General statement of the action. 

Indicative 

| 76 Direct statements or questions are expressed in the indic- 
ative mode. 

1. Present Time — present tense 

j preterite tense 
Tenses \ ~- Past Time -j perfect tense 

I pluperfect tense 

I 3. Future Time \ ^ l \ ture ten f \ f 

( future perfect tense 

1. Present Time 

(a) To express an action taking place at the time—!$d) gefje je|t au§. 

(b) To express a general truth — SSebcit ifi Siiber, Scfiroeigen iff ©olb. 

(c) To express a very vivid future — ^Ocorgen gcf)t er fort (To-morrow 
he will go away). 

(el) To express a state of affairs beginning in the past and con- 
tinued in the present (expressed in English by the perfect 
tense)— 3d) Bin je|t jtoei Sfatyre in Chicago (I have now been two 
years in Chicago). 
In German Qcf) Mtt fttoex galjre in Chicago gemefctt would mean. I 
was in Chicago for two years. Such a use of the perfect indicates 
a cessation of the action or condition in the present, hence: er fjett 
gclebt = he is dead. 

(e) To express a very vivid imperative — 3)ie ^onigin farad) jum 

5J5agett: 2u Imtffi einmal unb {jolff mtt ben SBeutel pm Spiele. 
This use of the present indicates that the speaker is very sure that 
the order will be carried out. 

(/) Historical present for very vivid past descriptions — Scrnn mar* 
frf)iert ba3 freer in: rafchen %empo inciter niiD jebet Solbat fii()(t ftdj 
ge^oben (Then the army marched on at a rapid pace and every 
soldier felt himself uplifted). 



APPENDIX 57 

{Preterite 
Perfect 
Pluperfect 

I 77 Past time may be expressed by the preterite, the perfect, the 
pluperfect, according as the action is considered as absolutely or rela- 
tively past. If a simple statement of a fact that has taken place in the 
past is made without any reference to an accompanying fact, it is 
more usual to employ the perfect tense. 

3d) Bitt geftern bort getoejett (I was there yesterday). 

3$ |a6e bets gefaQt (I said that). 

If this is limited by some other fact, the preterite is preferable : 
2113 er in§ gitnmer trat, giug fein 23ruber IjinauS* 
When he stepped into the room, his brother went out. 
This rule is not absolute, as the best writers show great divergence 
of use, but it will be found a safe working basis. 

The pluperfect tense represents an action that has occurred previ- 
ous to some other past event — 

(Sr Ijatte fcfyon fein 93ud) imrdjgeleteu, c^e ber Setter fam. 
He had read his book through before the teacher came. 

3. Future and Future Perfect 

fl 78 The simple future tense is used (as in English) to express an 
event about to take place from the standpoint of the present — 
©r tmri) morgen fommen. 

I 79 The future perfect expresses an event completed from the 
point of view of the future — 
(£r tuitb bi3 ba^in gefommett fein (By that time he will have come). 
For the future we may substitute the present [cf . 176 (c)]. For the 
future perfect we may substitute the perfect — 

23i§ bcttym ift er fdjon gefommen. 
These substitutions give a greater vividness. 

The future and future perfect have an idiomatic use to indicate 
probability — 

(B Uitrb n>ol)f oier Uljt fein. 

It is probably four o'clock. 
(£3 toirii toct§ anbere§ tool)! betieutet Ijafiett. 

It probably meant something else. 
2Bo toirb er bie %lad)t jugefiru^t |aben ? 
Where can he have spent the night ? 



58 APPENDIX 

Subjunctive 

1 80 The subjunctive, in contrast to the indicative, expresses not a 
fact but a thought, often a thought for the truth of which the speaker 
assumes no responsibility. 

KINDS OF SUBJUNCTIVE 

I« Supposition. 

(a) INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 
(6) CONDITION (UNREAL). 
(c) DOUBT. 

II. Desire. 

(a) UNFULFILLED. 

r COMMAND, 

(b) POSSIBLY FULFILLED -' PRAYER AND WISH, 

( CONCESSIVE. 

I. Supposition 

(a) INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
1 8 I This use of the subjunctive occurs most frequently and must 
be carefully studied. It is used after verbs of saying, ivishing, think- 
ing, feeling, asking, etc. , whenever the quoted sentence is not stated 
as a positive fact. Thus we say, ®r glaubte, bag e3 rid} tig fei (He 
thought it was right), but Sr ttmfjte, ba$ e§ ridjttg four (He knew it 
was right), because in the second sentence is implied the actuality 
of the fact. 

1 82 The conjunction iaft is frequently omitted in ordinary con- 
versation. In that case the order becomes normal, and the sub- 
junctive must be used to show the indirect discourse. 
Ex. — @r ttmgte, e§ fei tvatyx. 

Tense Use of Indirect Discourse 
I 83 In all uses of the subjunctive tenses we find a weak sense of 
time. The various tenses are used to express a variety of relationship 
of the speaker towards the thought expressed. In indirect discourse, 
the tense of the quoted sentence has no dependence upon that of the 
leading verb, i. e., there is no sequence of tense as in Latin. Each tense 
of the indirect discourse corresponds exactly with the tense of the 
direct quotation, except in the preterite. The preterite, as shown in the 
paradigm (cf. 62, p. 21) has, in many instances, crept into the present, 
to take the place of those present forms which, because of similar- 
ity with the present indicative, have lost their subjunctive force. 
Thus the preterite subjunctive has lost the significance of past time 
and stands for the present. For the preterite we use the perfect in 
indirect discourse. 



APPENDIX 



59 



| 84 Hence we have the following correspondence : 



Direct Quotation 

Indicative 

Present tense 

Preterite tense 
Perfect tense 
Pluperfect tense 
Future tense 
Future Perfect tense 



Indirect Quotation 
Subjunctive 

( Present tense 
] or 

(Preterite tense 

Perfect tense 

Perfect tense 

Pluperfect tense 

Future tense 

Future Perfect tense 



This shifting has tended still further to weaken the sense of time 
in the tenses, so that good authors use present and preterite, perfect 
and pluperfect interchangeably to avoid wearisome repetition, without 
any feeling of difference in time. 



Direct 
@r ge()t Ijetm 



Examples 



Sr fling (jetm \ 

Gr iff Ijeim gegangen :- 
Sr mar fyeint gegangen ) 
(£r nrirfc) (jetm geljen 
Gr mirti &eim gegangen feitt 



Indirect 
©r - or J- Ijeim 

( ? ei ) 

(£r < or y fyeim gegangen 

(toiire; 
©r uicrte fyeint geljen 
©r uierie §eim gegangen feitt 



When the present subjunctive is identical in form with the present 
indicative, or similar in sound, the preterite subjunctive is to be pre- 
ferred. This is always true in the 1st person singular and in the plural. 

Indic. — 3dj fyahe ba§> 33 ud). Subj.— Crr fctgt, ba]3 id) baz SBudi fyatte 
(not Ijabe). Indic— SBtt fyaben ba§ 53nd). Subj.— @r fagt, baft nur ba§ 
23nd) fatten (not (jaben). For insertion or omission of baft cf. 182. 

(&) UNREAL CONDITION 

I 85 This levelling out of all difference in meaning between present 
and preterite, perfect and pluperfect subjunctive has not extended to 
the other uses of the subjunctive. On the contrary, there is here a 
very sharply drawn distinction in meaning. 

I 86 The present and perfect are used for the expression of thoughts 
which may be true to actual facts ; the preterite and pluperfect for 
suppositions which are known to be unreal This is illustrated in 
unreal conditions. 



60 APPENDIX 

Present time = Preterite subj. 
Past time == Pluperfect subj. 

Ex.— 2Benn id) ein $i3glein urnr', fids' ^ 5 U ^ r - 
If I ivere a bird, I should fly to you. 
SBenn idj ein SSoglein getDefen toiire, toiire idj ^u bit jeflagett. 
If I had been a bird, I should have flown to you. 

| 87 In place of the subjunctive in the apodosis, the conditional 
mode may be used (cf. paradigm 63). 

Ex.— 2$enn tdj ein 235grein ttare, tuitrbe id) ju bir fltegett. 

28enn id) ein $oglein gettefen ttmre, uiitrbe id) §u bir geftofleit feitt. 

I 88 The inetttt may be omitted, in which case the order is inverted: 
2Biire icfi ein SSogfein. 

I 89 A real condition is a statement of fact, hence is expressed by 
the indicative : SSenn e§ repet, uiiltmt man einen Sftegenfdjtrm (When- 
ever it rains, one takes an umbrella). 

I 90 Occasionally one of the two parts of the condition is made espe- 
cially vivid by being placed in the indicative: Sttit biefem ^feil iutrrfj* 
frfjoft id) Surf), toenn \ti) mein Iiebe3 ®inb getroffen fydtte (With this arrow 
I should have shot you, if I had hit my beloved child). 

(c) DOUBT 

| 9 | After aU o6 (as though) —closely related to the conditional 
subjunctive — ©r \atj au%, al§ ob er ein Unrest fceflattflett 
^ittte (He looked as though he had done a wrong). (£r tat 
a(3 (tl)ltefe er (He acted as though he slept). 

192 DuMtative or Diplomatic (also knowm as subjunctive of 
weakened assertion), i. e., a modest statement of a fact 
which, by being put into the subjunctive, receives a ten- 
tative air, as though the speaker were open to conviction 
on the subject. (This may be considered a part of an 
unreal condition. ) 

Ex. — $d) btidjte bodj = I should really suppose 

jftidjt baft id) toiifjre = Not that I am aware of 

gdj mi3d)te toofyf =.I should like 

;gd) fyatte e% lieber = I should prefer 

(£3 tndre tt)Ot)l an ber $ett= It is about time 

$a§ biirfte gefaf)rlid) f ein = That might be considered dangerous 

28er ttmJ3te ba§ nidjt? = Who doesn't know that ? 

28a§ fj&tte id) ju fiircfjten? = Of what should I be afraid ? 

Sa§ tvaxe toafyx? = Could that be true ? 

©ie fjcitte ba% getan? = I cannot believe that she has done that 



APPENDIX 61 



II. Desire 



I 93 The difference in meaning between the present and preter it e, 
perfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive (cf. 185) is further 
illustrated in the subjunctive of Desire. 

I 94 A desire may be of two kinds : 

* r ,mi \ Preterite sul)j, 

(a) Impossible of fulfillment ) Pluperfect sul)j# 

(b) Possible of fulfillment— Present sulyj. 

Ex.— (a) 35Benn er bod) xtocf) am fiebett toiire ! 
Oh, that he were still alive! 
2£enn er bod) nod) eiixige Qafjre gele&t ijdtte ! 
Oh, that he had lived a few years longer 
As in case of the conditional subjunctive (cf. p. 1SS) the tDetltt may 
be omitted and the order become inverted: 2Bdre er 00c fr noc ft &ttt 
£e6en! §titte er bod] nodi einige ^afyxe gelefit ! 

(5) Desire that is expected to be fulfilled. 

I 95 1. command— 1st and 3d person. 

2. prayer or wish— 1st and 3d person. 

3. CONCESSIVE. 

196 1- Under the desire that is expected to be fulfilled we class 
the command addressed to the first and third persons (represented in 
English by let and the infinitive). 

Let us go home! = ©dim Uitr rtadj §aufe ! 
Let him not forget ! = 3>ergeffc er nid)t. 

197 2. Forms of prayer or beseeching: 3)eut Dfteidj fomme! (Thy 
kingdom come !) 

Since the third person plural subjunctive is identical in form 
with the corresponding person of the indicative (cf. p. 62, p. 21) we often 
substitute for this construction the modal auxiliary inogCTt -(- infinitive. 

Ex. — UrteUeu SBeifere lifter toe 3frage = SBetfere mogen iiber toe -grage 
urteUen. 

198 3. Concessive — This represents a willingness on the part of the 
speaker to grant certain claims as not affecting the validity of his 
main contention. It is always in the present. 

Ex.— Sllles cmbere, fei e* toa* tl jet, gilt ntd)t& 

Everything else, be it what it may, counts for nothing. 
S» fei fo Hue bu gefctgt Ijctfh 
Let it be as vou Lave said. 



62 APPENDIX 

I 99 The same idea is sometimes expressed by the modal auxiliary 
moflen + infinitive. 

Ex.—®% mag fo fetit, tine bit gefagt t)a\t. 
Granted what you have said. 

Imperative 

200 Strictly speaking there are but two forms of the imperative, 
the second person present singular and plural — 

Biefi ge6(e)t 

20 I But the use of the third person plural pronoun (Sie) for 
the conventional form of address has introduced a new form into the 
imperative (cf. 165): {jefiett Sie (always with the subject expressed 
after the verb). 

202 These three forms are used for direct command addressed to 
another person or persons. 

203 An indirect command referring to a third person may be 
expressed by the subjunctive (cf. 196). 

204 Extremely emphatic commands in familiar speech are often 
expressed by the indicative present (cf. 176e), by the perfect participle : 
fdjnefl gelaufen! (run quickly) and by the infinitive: nirfjt fo laut fpredjen! 
(don't speak so loudly). 

Thus we may express commands in eight ways — 

imperative J iirtettc flm)! 
( arfieitet (if)r)! 

t ar&eiten Sie ! 
Subjunctive -j ar&eite er ! 

' arfieiten toir ! 
Indicative— bit ar&eitefi ! 
Participle— f^nett Bearbeitet ! 
Infinitive— ftfjneff arfieiten ! 

Infinitive— Verbal Noun 

I. Part of the Verb (without ju) 
II. With Noun or Adjective (with p) 
III. Substantive (with or without $u) 

205 I. Part of Verb 

The infinitive is used to form (a) the future tenses, (b) the con- 
ditional mode, (c) the complement of the modal auxiliaries and 
(d) of a few verbs of similar construction. In this use the infinitive 
without jtl is the rule. 



APPENDIX 63 

Ex.— (a) 3cf) tterbe ge^en. 

(b) 3d) hmrbe gcQaugen fein. 

(c) (B mug Qefagi mertien. 

(d) The other verbs that admit of this construction are : finben, 
filbert, (jetfjen, Ijelfen, rjoren, foffen, Terpen, feraen, madien, fefien. 

3<4 (affc fc>a* Don bet SJtogb tun (cf. 212;. 
(?r ntat^t midj dot bent gan^en Jpofe errotctt. 
He makes me blush before my entire court. 

206 After a few verbs the infinitive (without jit) is used idiomat- 
ically to express duration of condition. 

Ex.— (St bkibt fti^en. He keeps his seat. 

Sr jjatte ba^ (Mb tm ^aften lie^en. He had the money lying 

in the box. 

(MjMecje btdj fdjlafen! Go to sleep! 

@e*)e ftMjimtt ! ©eJjC ftfcQen ! Go for a walk! Go fishing! 

207 Command — In familiar language this infinitive is used to 
express an emphatic command, especially in prohibition, correspond- 
ing to our English don't: 3)ie Stutter fagt snm&tnbe: „9ctdit fo fattt 
f cfjreien ! 2 till fi|en Ultb en en!" (Don't scream so loud, sit still and eat!) 

208 II. With >'oun or Adjective 

Infinitive phrases (with ^u) are used (a) to modify nouns very 
much in the sense of the attributive genitive (cf. 1121). 

Tie Sunfi }tt le6cn = The art of living = Tie Sunfi be§ 8eben& 

(6) To modify adjectives — Ha* in fdiraer ]\\ fagett (hard to say). 

i Xoun 

209 HI« Substantive - or 

( Clause 

As a substitute for noun or clause, the infinitive may be subject 
or object of the verb. 

When the substantive infinitive is used instead of a noun it may 
be pure (without ju) or prepositional (with pt). 

Ex. — ®a§ ©efjen toirb il)r fef)r fdjtoer. 

Walking is very difficult for her. 
Sr pffegt beti SBogeti rafcfi $u ftmmten. 

He is accustomed to stretch the bow quickly. 

210 It is difficult to give a rule that will apply in all cases for the 
insertion or omission of $u in this use of the infinitive. When the 
verbal property of the infinitive is made emphatic by a modifying 
adverb or an object, the ]U is usually inserted. 



64 APPENDIX 

Ex.— $img fur ba§> Saterfcmb $u fterfien tft etn ru^mlidjer Sob. 

To die young for one's fatherland is an honorable death. 
When the substantive use is the more emphatic, the ju is omitted. 
Ex.— (£r §og em fdjttetteg Sterfcen beut nuritljmUrfjen Sefcen tor. 
He preferred a quick death to a dishonorable life. 
When the substantive infinitive is used for a clause of purpose or 
direction the ju must always be inserted. 

®ie ging um Stumert Jtt Jiffiiden (bamit fie Slum en pfliide). 

2 I I Sometimes in exclamations a connecting word is omitted and 
the so-called elliptical infinitive appears to stand alone in the sentence. 
Sldj, cmf bct§ mnttge fRo§ mid) $ts fcfjttihtgett ! (we might add, to com- 
plete the sense: tft mem fcfjiiticfjfter S&imftf)*=To mount the brave 
charger is my dearest wish.) 

3d) ba$> txm ! (for id) foil bet* tim!=I do that!) 

212 After laffett, feljett, preit, fitfjlctt, as well as after the verb feitt, 
the active infinitive may have a passive meaning. 

Ex. — @§ ift Kiel ju tntt (There is much fo 6e done). 

Sr lagt e§ ttttl (He has it done). 

Wan t)bxt bid) lofiett (One hears you praised). 

2 1 3 Precaution 

The use of the infinitive with subject accusative, so common in 
English, is not found in German. The infinitive must either have the 
same logical subject as the main verb: id) ttmnfd)e it)n ju feljett (I wish 
to see him), or must be the direct object of the verb: id) befafyf il)m 
nad) §aufe §u geljjen (I commanded him to go home). 

Such constructions as, I wish him to go, or I believe him to be a 
good man, must be translated by a clause: 
$d) nmnfdje, baft ev (jelje. 
3d) glaube, baft ev em pter SJtomt ift. 

2 1 4 The Participle— Verbal Adjective 

In use, the participle conforms entirely to the adjective, being 
declined like the latter and employed, attributively, predicatively, or 
substantively like it. The only difference is that the participle may 
have a verbal or objective modifier which always precedes it. The 
present participle is active, the past participle passive in its meaning. 
Ex.— 2>a3 ben roten Slpfel mit grofjem SBergniigen toerfyeifettbe Smb. 

The child who was eating the red apple with much pleasure. 
3)er eben toerfyeifte 9Ipfel befctm ifym nid)t 
The apple that had just been eaten, did not agree with him. 



APPENDIX 65 

2l5 The participial noun common in English, is not found in 
German. In translating, either an infinitive or a clause must be sub- 
stituted. 

2 16 If the participle is used as subject or object, the substantive 
infinitive (without ]U) is used in German. 

The rain made walking very difficult. 

£er iftegen macfite foci* (Se^en feljt fctoer. 
The rushing of the water. 

2a* SRaufdjett be * Staffed 

217 If the English participial noun is governed by prepositions, it 
is translated by a prepositional infinitive or a clause. 

1. The prepositions of)tte, attftcttt, Uitt govern the infinitive phrase. 

Ex. — Without seeing his friend = o^ne feitteit [vrenno \u jet)CU. 
Instead of going home = attftcttt nacf) §aufe ]\t geijett. 

For the purpose of seeing her once more = Um lie nodi ein= 
mar ]u feljett. 

2. When prepositions other than these three govern the English 
participial noun, the phrase must be turned into a clause in German. 

Ex. — After seeing his mother = 9tadjfoetn er feme Stutter gejeljnt (jatte. 
By saying this = ^ttbem ex bieg jagtc. 

The participle as such can not be substantivized in German. It 
is primarily an adjective with the full adjective declension. As an 
adjective it may be used without a noun. Ex. — (?r f rente fid) itber fc)a£ 
©efctfC^ette (He rejoiced at what had happened). Here fca* ©eirfjeftette 
stands for im* gejdjeljette £tttg, just as t)a* ®\\tt may stand for bug 
Bute 2tng. 

The participle may be used to express an emphatic command: 
JJHdjt gefatfelt, fcfmelX an* 9Seri gegattgett ! (No fooling there, go to work 
quickly!) 

The Passive Yoice 

2 I 8 Every transitive verb can be made passive as in English. The 
preposition of agency | English by) is tioit. 

Active— gr jdjlaflt £>en Stnaben. 

He strikes the boy. 

Passive— Ser £nabe tiriri) Don ifyn gestagen. 
The boy is being struck by him. 



66 APPENDIX 

219 In German we distinguish carefully between the real passive, 
i. e., an action of which the subject is the sufferer and not the agent, 
and a mere condition of the subject, arising out of some former action. 

2)a§ papier tiJtrh jertiffen = The paper is (being) torn. 
®ct§ papier ift jertiffett = The paper is torn. 
Observe that jerriffeit in the second sentence is only a predicate 
adjective. 

220 SUBSTITUTES FOR THE PASSIVE 

(a) man + active. 

(b) fid) laffen + active infinitive. 

(c) Reflexive Form of Yerb. 

22 I The passive is often clumsy and is used less frequently in Ger- 
man than in English, especially in cases in which the agent is not 
named. 
Ex.— (a) Wlan dffnete eine %ixx (A door was opened). 

(b) S>ct3 ttigt fid) tun (That can be done). 

(c) Sie Zixxe offnete ftcf) langfam (Slowly the door was opened). 
This substitution is especially frequent after modal auxiliaries, 

where a passive infinitive would cause unwieldy length. 

The door could not have been opened = S)ie %ux Ijiitte nid)t geoffnct 

tuerben liftmen, or better: 

(a) Wlan ptte bie £urnicfjt~offnett fonnen. 

(b) ®ie %nx ptte ftcf) nicf;t jjffnen laffen. 

222 When the object of the active verbis in the dative, it can not 
be made the subject of the passive. An impersonal subject must then 
be substituted and the dative object remains unchanged. 

Active— ©ie !jat il)m geljolfen. 

Passive— g§ ift tfjm toon ifjr geljolfen toorben. 

Modal Auxiliaries 

223 They express the mental attitude of the speaker to the action 
implied in the verb. There are six. 

liftmen = possibility (physical, moral, or intellectual) 

tttOgtn = desire (always a mental attitude) 

bitrfett = permission (on the part of an outside power) 

tttiiffen = necessity 

foflen = the desire or declaration of an outside power 

lUOKett = the desire or declaration of the speaker himself 



224 


I. 


225 


II. 


226 


III. 


227 


IV. 


228 


V. 


229 


VI. 



APPENDIX 67 

From these general meanings various allied uses have been derived. 
I. t Otttien = possibility 

230 34) fatttt ^a* Htd^t ttttt (I can not do that). 

The infinitive of the verb may be omitted if the meaning is clear 
from the context: Qd) team c* itxd)t. 

23 I An original meaning of fijttttett was to know. This is still 
preserved in phrases like: fttmttft bit beine ^Citfgabe? (Do you know 
your lesson?) Sattttfl bu beutfcf) ? (Do you know German?) etc. 

II. mogett = desire 

232 2Bet mocfjte folcr; exit Seben fixr^reri? (Who would care to live 
such a life ?) 

After mogeu, also, the infinitive may be omitted. 
_3'd) mag ntdjt (I don't want to). 
3<f) mag e§ nicr)t (I don't like it). 

233 The original meaning was to be able. But this is now found 
only in the compound tiermogeix: ©r tiermaQ ba£ ixxd)t $u tlttt (He can 
not do that). 

234 Woqen occasionally translates the English may, with the idea 
of possibility or probability. 

Ex. — $£aZ mag trotyl brxmxeix fetn? 
What may be in it ? 
(Sr mag exix bofes $emiffeix fyabetx. 

He may have a bad conscience. 
Gr mod)te ^mex Qafyre bagemefen fetn. 
He may hasre been there for two years. 
But the English "May I go"? is „£ctrf id) gefyen"? 

III. biirfetl = permission 

235 3 n bet Sdjule barf man ntdit fpredjen (One is not permitted to 
speak in school). (The English you must not do so is also bxx barfft 
baZ nidjt tun.) 

236 The original meaning to be in want of is now found only in 
bebiirfen. SJfoti befcatf mandje* in ber 2SeIt (One-needs many things in 
this world). 

237 The preterite subjunctive of Dixrfen (bitrfte) is used idiomatically 
to express probability. <£a5 bitrfte $u fdjtoer fetn (That is probably too 
hard). 



68 APPENDIX 

IV. ntitffeu = necessity (from without) 

238 8tf) fltujjfte natfjgeben (I had to submit). 

(£r toirb e§ tun miiffett (He will be obliged to do it). 

239 A derived meaning is found in the following usages : 
9?im mnfytt e§ and) nod) regnen! (Now fate would have it rain!) 
£>er tmtft ein SJiorber fetrt! (He must be a murderer!) 

V. foffett = desire or statement (from without) 

240 ®it fottft ntd^t fter)Ien ! (Thou shalt not steal). 
S)er ®onig fod leben! (Long live the king!) 

(Sr foff einen 9luffa| fd)reiben (He is to write a letter^. 

24 I Without the infinitive— 

S5a§ foff ber ®nabe? (What is the boy to do?) 

242 Hearsay — 

3)a§ folf ein reigenbe§ Sanb fein (That is said to be a charming land). 

243 In the subj. pret. it represents a conditional meaning — 

SRctn fottte glauben (One should suppose). 
(£r fottte getjen (He ought to go). 
Note that this is the only exact rendering of the English ought. 

VI. tooffett = desire or declaration (from within) 

244 SBtttft hu etttmS? (Do you want anything?) 

(£r fyctt ba$ nid)t tnn UJotten (He did not want to do that). 

245 It is not to be confounded with the English " will "= futurity. 
For this purpose the German employs toerfcett. But sometimes it is to 
be translated with to be about to, or on the point of, but always 
expressing volition. 

(§r tdiU gefyen = He is about to go (makes a motion of going). 

246 With non-personal verbs Uiotfen has many idiomatic uses, all 
of which rest on personification. 

®a§ tilttt bit nidjt gefaflen (That does not suit you). 

%a% tiritt nidjtS fctgen (That is of no importance). 

S>ct3 tottf too^r bebctdjt [ein (That requires careful consideration). 

247 SBoBett niay express a claim on the part of the speaker. 

©r ttJiff ein reidjer Snglanber fein == He claims to be a rich English- 
man (cf. with a similar use of foHen p. 143). 



APPENDIX 69 

VERBS OF A SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION 

248 laffetl = permission or command. 
Jjeifjett = command. 

3d) (ieft (5ud) jiet§ entroifcrjeri = I always let you escape. 

9#an Orettet cm*, fie fdjtrrittbe, laftt fie frdnfer unb tranter toerben, enblicr) 
ftiH fcerfdjetben. (One can spread the report that she is declining, make 
her grow worse and worse, and at last quietly fade away). 

3$ tctff e mtr ein neue§ £letb macrjen = I have a new dress made 
(order it to be made). 

^et^ett= command (to be carefully distinguished from ^eigen = to 
call or be named). 

<5r fjetBt bie ©olbateit bie 23riiden fcerbrennen. 
He commands the soldiers to burn the bridges. 

Impersonal Yerfos 

249 Many verbs which have a personal subject in English are 
impersonal in German, i. e., the person concerned is regarded as being 
affected by the action rather than as the agent. The subject is the 
impersonal e£, while the person affected is represented by a dative or 
accusative noun or pronoun. 

e§ bauert mid) = I am sorry 

e§ efelt mid) an = It disgusts me 

ee erbarmt mid) = I pity 

e§ fdllt mtr ein = It occurs to me 

e* fdtlt mir auf = I notice (my attention is attracted) 

eg freut mid) = I rejoice 

e§ gefdllt mir = It pleases me (I like) 

e* gelingt mir = I succeed 

e* genitgt mir = I suffices me 

e§ jammert mid) = I take pity on 

e£ rent mid) = I repent 

es fdjunnbelt mir = I grow dizzy 

e§ tut mtr leib = I am sorry 

e* tut mtr roet) = It hurts me 

e§ tierbrieftt mid) = It vexes me 



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